Cyclic AMP, the hyperresponsiveness factor from hog kidney

The isolation and identification of a material present in the plasma of hypertensive dogs and hypertensive human patients has been under study since 1972. The earliest experiments in relation to this work, noted that plasma from hypertensive dogs cause a hyperresponse to norepinephrine when both were administered by way of the vein. Employing a rat assay system that consisted of an anesthetized rat with polyethylene catheters in the vein for giving norepinephrine and the test fractions and a catheter in the artery for blood pressure monitoring, fractions from hog kidney were tested for hyperresponsiveness activity. The active material is very comparable to cyclic AMP in molecular weight, ultraviolet spectrum, paper chromatography, Enzyme hydrolysis and activity in the anesthetized rat system. This evidence indicates that the hyperresponsiveness factor of renal origin is cyclic AMP.     

Role of sodium on H+ excretion in the integument of the leopard frog Rana pipiens

1. The northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens, pipiens, in contrast to the southern leopard frog, Rana pipiens, berlandieri, did not demonstrate any significant H+ excretion across its integument even during a challenge of chronic metabolic acidosis. Likewise, no increase in the number of H+ secreting mitochondria-rich cells were observed in the northern frogs. 2. Under normal acid-base conditions in the southern frogs, H+ excretion was found to be dependent on mucosal sodium concentrations, whereas during chronic metabolic acidosis, H+ excretion was independent of mucosal sodium concentrations, but was amiloride sensitive. 3. High salinity adapted southern frogs, under normal and acidotic conditions, had enhanced H+ excretion rates as compared to the control non-salt adapted frogs. 4. Blood analyses demonstrated that significant acid-base changes were the result of systemic acidosis and not due to salt adaptations. Blood Na+ and K+ concentrations were also efficiently maintained during salt adaptations or chronic metabolic acidosis. 5. The results suggest that H+ excretion in epithelia can be influenced by the sodium transport state of the cell and the systemic acid-base profile. Models are proposed explaining these relationships.     

Determination of the heat resistance of spores using a solid heating block system

A simple and accurate technique for the determination of the heat resistance of spores is described. The technique combines a modified capillary tube method with a solid heating block. The come-up time of spore suspensions was found to be short and simple and accurate technique is suggested for the correction of the come-up times. Experimental results are presented for the destruction of spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus at 120 which indicates the accuracy and reproducibility of the new method.     

The Coccidian Genus Calyptospora n. g. and Family Calyptosporidae n. fam. (Apicomplexa), with Members Infecting Primarily Fishes1

Calyptospora n. g. was erected for Eimeria funduli because the sporocyst of that species lacks Stieda and sub-Stieda bodies, has a veil supported by sporopodia, and has an anterior apical opening. A suture may be present, but it does not completely divide the sporocyst into two valves. Because C. funduli has an obligatory invertebrate intermediate host, we established Calyptosporidae n. fam. to accommodate Calyptospora and tentatively to accept Goussia. A new subgenus, Plagula, is erected for species of Goussia with a sporocystic veil not supported by sporopodia. We consider the family more primitive than Eimeriidae, Sarcocystidae, and possibly Lankesterellidae.     

Endocytosis of aggregated immunoglobulin G by rat basophilic leukemia cells; rate, extent, and effects on the endocytosis of immunoglobulin E

Rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells have distinct receptors for IgE and IgG. We assessed the endocytosis of chemically and immunochemically cross-linked mouse-IgG and its influence on the simultaneous endocytosis of IgE. We found that at 37 degrees C, aggregates of IgG and IgE were endocytosed at about the same rate with one-half of the maximal endocytosis occurring in 5 to 13 min, and the efficiency of endocytosis for both ligands ranging from 40 to 70%. We also found that endocytosis of cross-linked IgE and IgG occurred simultaneously and neither ligand significantly affected the rate or extent of endocytosis of the other. The cells accumulated the cross-linked IgG, and then released it to the extracellular environment, at a rate (less than 3%/hr) slower than the released endocytosed IgE (greater than 10%/hr). Using an assay that discriminates between unbound and receptor-bound oligomeric IgG, we found that oligomeric IgG is endocytosed with its receptor, and that the bulk of the ligand remains bound to its receptor for greater than 120 min after endocytosis. The differences in the rate of release of endocytosed IgG vs IgE suggests that the intracellular fate or pathway of these two oligomeric ligands may differ.     

Acid proteinase activity in fish--I. Comparative study of extraction of cathepsins B and D from Mujil auratus

Acid catheptic activity was measured in crude extracts of muscle, liver, heart, spleen and gonads from the fishes Mujil auratus, Sparus aurata and Lightonatus mormyrus. The spleen was the organ which showed the highest activity. A comparative study of the seven most commonly used extraction methods was made. Some were modified to account for the characteristics of the fish organs and the activity extracted from them. The Siebert method resulted as the best extraction method only if 1 mM EDTA was present in the medium. The activity from Mujil auratus muscle was strongly inhibited by iodoacetate, N-ethylmaleimide, p-hydroxy mercuribenzoate, and diazo-acetyl-DL-norleucine methyl ester. The results indicated the presence of a carboxyl-proteinase and a thiol-proteinase. According to inhibition studies, the levels of proteinase and amidase activities shown by different organs of Mujil auratus were re-examined. The spleen extract showed the maximum activity for both cathepsins, but muscle extract accounted for more than 95% of total catheptic activity.