Alterations in catalytic activity and virus maturation produced by mutation of the conserved histidine residues of herpes simplex virus type 1 protease.

Mutant herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) viruses were constructed to characterize the roles of the conserved histidine residues (H61 and H148) of HSV-1 protease in the regulation of catalytic activity and virus maturation. Viruses containing mutations at H61 (H61V-V711, H61Y-V715, and H61A-V730) were unable to grow on Vero cells. These mutant viruses could process neither Pra to N0 nor ICP-35cd to ICP-35ef. Transmission electron microscopy studies of H61A-V730-infected Vero cells indicated that capsid maturation is arrested at a state characterized by the predominance of large symmetrical arrays of B capsids within the nucleus. Two mutations at H148 (in viruses H148A-V712 and H148E-V728) gave rise to mutant viruses that grew with a small-plaque phenotype; one of the viruses, H148E-V728, was particularly attenuated when grown at a low multiplicity of infection. The rate of processing of Pra to N0 in infected Vero cells increased in the order H148A-V712 < H148E-V728 < parental strain HSV-1-V731. The observation that H148A-V712 processes Pra to N0 and ICP-35cd to ICP-35ef, whereas H61A does not, establishes H61 as the catalytically essential conserved His assuming that HSV-1 protease, like other serine proteases, utilizes an active-site histidine residue in catalysis. Two of the mutations at H148 (viruses H148K-V729 and H148Y-V716) produced nonviable viruses. H148K-V729 processed neither Pra to N0 nor ICP-35cd to ICP-35ef, whereas H148Y-V716 processed Pra to N0 but did not process ICP-35cd to ICP-35ef. The range of phenotypes observed with the H148 mutant viruses suggests that residue 148 of the HSV-1 protease is a determinant of virus growth rate and viability because of its effects on the activity of the protease and/or the role of the protease domain in capsid assembly and DNA packaging.     

Amphiphilic cationic peptides mediate cell adhesion to plastic surfaces

Four amphiphilic peptides, each with net charges of +2 or more at neutrality and molecular weights under 4 kilodaltons, were found to mediate the adhesion of normal rat kidney fibroblasts to polystyrene surfaces. Two of these peptides, a model for calcitonin (peptide 1, MCT) and melittin (peptide 2, MEL), form amphiphilic alpha-helical structures at aqueous/nonpolar interfaces. The other two, a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone model (peptide 3, LHM) and a platelet factor model (peptide 4, MPF) form beta-strand structures in amphiphilic environments. Although it contains only 10 residues, LHM mediated adhesion to surfaces coated with solutions containing as little as 10 pmoles/ml of peptide. All four of these peptides were capable of forming monolayers at air-buffer interfaces with collapse pressures greater than 20 dynes/cm. None of these four peptides contains the tetrapeptide sequence Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser, which has been associated with fibronectin-mediated cell adhesion. Ten polypeptides that also lacked the sequence Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser but were nonamphiphilic and/or had net charges less than +2 at neutrality were all incapable of mediating cell adhesion (Pierschbacher and Ruoslahti, 1984). The morphologies of NRK cells spread on polystyrene coated with peptide LHM resemble the morphologies on fibronectin-coated surfaces, whereas cells spread on surfaces coated with MCT or MEL exhibit strikingly different morphologies. The adhesiveness of MCT, MEL, LHM, and MPF implies that many amphiphilic cationic peptides could prove useful as well defined adhesive substrata for cell culture and for studies of the mechanism of cell adhesion.     

Role of adrenergic structures in regulating the release by the intestines of hemocoagulating compounds into the blood stream

Experiments on cats were made to study the capability of adrenaline, tropaphen and propranolol of influencing the intensity of the release of hemocoagulating compounds and anticoagulants from the intestinal vessels and tissues to the bloodstream (perfusate). Adrenaline was found to increase the coagulative activity of the perfusate, provoking an enhanced release into it of thromboplastin, an analogue of plasma factor V and antiheparin compounds and suppressing the release of antithromboplastins. The blockade of the alpha-adrenoreceptors was accompanied by a dramatic increase of antithromboplastins to the intestinal perfusate, whereas the depression of the activity of beta-adrenergic structures by reduction of the release of tissue thromboplastin inhibitors. It is concluded that regulation of the release of antithromboplastins in the intestine is mediated by the structures similar in their characteristics to alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptors.     

Analogs of oxytocin containing a modified peptide bond

Analogs of deamino-oxytocin and deamino-oxypressin containing a CH2-NH group instead of an amide bond between positions 8 and 9 were synthesized. All tested compounds exhibit significantly lowered biological activities.     

Maximization of pulmonary hygroscopic aerosol deposition

A newly developed computer model is used to predict the aqueous salt solution concentration, breathing pattern, and inhaled droplet size distribution parameters that will maximize pulmonary deposition of hygroscopic medicinal aerosols. The parameter values providing maximum pulmonary deposition include 1) a NaCl concentration in the aerosolized solution of 0.035 g/ml or higher if the subject can tolerate it, 2) as nearly a monodispersed inhaled aerosol size distribution as possible, 3) an aerosol mass median diameter of 2-3 micron, and 4) slow (7 breaths/min) uninterrupted breathing of 1.5-2 liters of aerosol/breath. With these values, the model predicts that pulmonary deposition can be increased by greater than 100% relative to the deposition achieved in conventional inhalation therapy with isotonic saline-based medications.     

Purification and properties of thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH)-containing particles from the rat hypothalamus

The subcellular distribution of the TRH-like immunoreactivity in the rat hypothalamus and brain was studied. In differential centrifugation, the 900 g for 10 min supernatant (S1) of the hypothalamus or brain contained 61--79% of the total TRH. At 11,000 g for 20 min, 51--73% of the TRH in S1 was sedimented. When the hypothalamic S1 was fractioned under non-equilibrium conditions at 25 degrees C, two populations of TRH-containing particles were observed in several types of continuous linear density gradients. Metrizamide and sucrose gradients affected TRH-assay. TRH-particles were very light in Percol-gradients. Isotonic dextran 40,000-sucrose gradients gave the most reproducible results. In these gradients, the large TRH-particles (35%) equilibrated at 1.055--1.060 kg/l and the small ones (23%) at 1.041--1.047 kg/l. Working at 4 degrees C decreased the amount of large TRH-particles. The apparently larger particles contained cytoplasmic and mitochondrial enzymes and were sensitive to hypoosmotic shock like synaptosomes. Electron micrographs confirmed that these particles were synaptosomes. The true nature of the small particles remained unclear but morphologically a part of them were also synaptosomes. Treatment of the animals with reserpine (10 mg/kg i.p., 24 h), with 6-hydroxydopamine (100 microgram/rat i.c.v.) or with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (200 microgram/rat i.c.v.) did not affect significantly TRH-recovery or distribution in the hypothalamus.     

Membrane-bound and secreted IgA contain structurally different alpha-chains

Three different forms of alpha-chains are synthesized by BF0.3 and 615.2, two cloned cell lines derived from the murine B lymphoma 1.29. The three forms of alpha-chains differ in size, pI, cellular location, and rate of turnover. They were identified by means of lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination, internal 14C or 35S labeling, and immunofluorescence techniques as membrane-bound(alpha m), secreted (alpha s), and intracellular (alpha ic) proteins. Comparison of immunoglobulin products of the two lymphoma lines with those of a hybridoma cell line, Id 150, which secretes IgA of the 1.29 idiotype but lacks membrane IgA, confirmed the assignments of alpha m, alpha s, and alpha ic. Results of biosynthetic labeling of BF0.3, 615.2, and Id 150 in the presence and absence of tunicamycin suggest that the difference in m.w. and charge observed between alpha m and alpha s can be attributed to differences in primary amino acid structure rather than different degrees of glycosylation.     

Regional Alterations in Rat Brain Neurotransmitter Systems Following Chronic Lithium Treatment

Abstract: Chronic, but not acute, consumption of lithium leads to a significant decrease in serotonin and GABA receptor binding in selected regions of the rat brain, with no changes noted in P-adrenergic or cholinergic muscarinic receptor binding. In addition, the concentration of β-methoxytyramine, a dopamine metabolite, in the corpus striatum was increased in the animals treated chronically with lithium, suggesting a possible enhancement in dopamine release, or inhibition of uptake, in this brain area. In contrast, chronic consumption of rubidium had no effect on any of the parameters studied. The results suggest that lithium administration causes selective changes in brain neurotransmitter receptor systems and that the net result of these changes may be a decrease in GABAergic and serotoninergic activity. The fact that these alterktions are noted only after chronic administration suggests that they may be related to the therapeutic action of lithium in the prophylactic treatment of recurrent manic- depressive psychosis.