Inhibition in the lamprey spinal cord]

Glycine and GABA play the role of inhibitory transmitters in the lamprey spinal cord. The mechanisms of action of both amino acids to the membrane receptors producing the postsynaptic inhibition as well as role and mechanism of GABA action producing the presynaptic inhibition are considered in this paper. The data concerned with morphological substrates of both type inhibitions are discussed.     

Non-random distribution of individual genetic diversity along an environmental gradient

Improving our knowledge of the links between ecology and evolution is especially critical in the actual context of global rapid environmental changes. A critical step in that direction is to quantify how variation in ecological factors linked to habitat modifications might shape observed levels of genetic variability in wild populations. Still, little is known on the factors affecting levels and distribution of genetic diversity at the individual level, despite its vital underlying role in evolutionary processes. In this study, we assessed the effects of habitat quality on population structure and individual genetic diversity of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) breeding along a gradient of agricultural intensification in southern Québec, Canada. Using a landscape genetics approach, we found that individual genetic diversity was greater in poorer quality habitats. This counter-intuitive result was partly explained by the settlement patterns of tree swallows across the landscape. Individuals of higher genetic diversity arrived earlier on their breeding grounds and settled in the first available habitats, which correspond to intensive cultures. Our results highlight the importance of investigating the effects of environmental variability on individual genetic diversity, and of integrating information on landscape structure when conducting such studies.     

Binding of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) to retinoblastoma cells and cerebellar granule neurons. Evidence for a PEDF receptor.

Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) has neuronal differentiation and survival activity on retinoblastoma and cerebellar granule (CG) cells. Here, we investigated the presence of PEDF receptors on retinoblastoma Y-79 and CG cells. PEDF radiolabeled with (l25)I remained biologically active and was used for radioligand binding analysis. The binding was saturable and specific to a single class of receptors on both cells and with similar affinities (K(d) = 1.7-3.6 nM, B(max) = 0.5-2.7 x 10(5) sites/Y-79 cell; and K(d) = 3.2 nM, B(max) = 1.1 x 10(3) sites/CG cell). A polyclonal antiserum to PEDF, previously shown to block the PEDF neurotrophic activity, prevented the (125)I-PEDF binding. We designed two peptides from a region previously shown to confer the neurotrophic property to human PEDF, synthetic peptides 34-mer (positions 44-77) and 44-mer (positions 78-121). Only peptide 44-mer competed for the binding to Y-79 cell receptors (EC(50) = 5 nM) and exhibited neuronal differentiating activity. PEDF affinity column chromatography of membrane proteins from both cell types revealed a PEDF-binding protein of approximately 80 kDa. These results are the first demonstration of a PEDF-binding protein with characteristics of a PEDF receptor and suggest that the region comprising amino acid positions 78-121 of PEDF might be involved in ligand-receptor interactions.     

β-Ar-ACETYL D-GALACTOSAMINIDASE IN BULK SEPARATED NEURONS AND NEUROPIL FROM RAT CEREBRAL CORTEX

Abstract— β- N -Acetyl D-galactosaminidase was studied in isolated neuronal and neuropil fractions from cerebral cortex and subcellular fractions derived from them. Although the enzyme activity evinced some latency properties, its subcellular distribution pattern was broader than that observed with other acid hydrolases. By contrast with nine other acid hydrolases, it was more active in neuropil than neuronal fractions (neuronal/neuropil activity ratio 0.63). This ratio was preserved in lysosomal subfractions derived from the isolated cell fractions. The data is taken as further evidence for the microheterogeneity of lysosomal particles from the brain.     

Possibly unique characteristics of learning by Primates

The experimental literature on learning by Primate and non-Primate mammals is reviewed, with the aim of identifying peculiarly Primate features of learning. The evidence indicates that quantitative comparisons of learning by Primates and other mammals are intrinsically equivocal and uninformative because of the impossibility of equating experimental conditions for members of different species. The comparative results of early learning set studies were seriously misleading because the test conditions discriminated against representatives of species in which vision is not a dominant modality.Analyses of transfer between different learning tasks strongly suggest that rhesus macaques differ qualitatively from non-Primates like cats in that they develop generalized, trans-situationally valid response strategies during training on a particular problem which can facilitate learning in other situations. Non-Primate mammals appear not to develop such strategies under the same circumstances. There is also evidence that monkeys are more able than cats to discard previously learned strategies when they are no longer maximally profitable.