全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1886篇 |
免费 | 149篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
专业分类
2036篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 6篇 |
2022年 | 19篇 |
2021年 | 23篇 |
2020年 | 20篇 |
2019年 | 12篇 |
2018年 | 18篇 |
2017年 | 19篇 |
2016年 | 38篇 |
2015年 | 46篇 |
2014年 | 52篇 |
2013年 | 111篇 |
2012年 | 88篇 |
2011年 | 106篇 |
2010年 | 71篇 |
2009年 | 61篇 |
2008年 | 118篇 |
2007年 | 112篇 |
2006年 | 114篇 |
2005年 | 112篇 |
2004年 | 123篇 |
2003年 | 99篇 |
2002年 | 103篇 |
2001年 | 40篇 |
2000年 | 53篇 |
1999年 | 38篇 |
1998年 | 25篇 |
1997年 | 17篇 |
1996年 | 18篇 |
1995年 | 15篇 |
1994年 | 11篇 |
1993年 | 16篇 |
1992年 | 43篇 |
1991年 | 30篇 |
1990年 | 24篇 |
1989年 | 37篇 |
1988年 | 32篇 |
1987年 | 25篇 |
1986年 | 24篇 |
1985年 | 20篇 |
1984年 | 11篇 |
1983年 | 12篇 |
1982年 | 13篇 |
1981年 | 12篇 |
1980年 | 8篇 |
1979年 | 9篇 |
1978年 | 4篇 |
1977年 | 5篇 |
1974年 | 5篇 |
1969年 | 3篇 |
1967年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有2036条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
61.
Kazuki Miyaji Maki Kato Nobuyo Ohtani Mitsuaki Ohta 《Journal of applied animal welfare science : JAAWS》2013,16(4):355-362
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of diet on the feline stress response by measuring plasma and urinary cortisol. A study diet was developed with a unique combination of nutrients that supports the management of stressful situations. The specific formulation of the diet included alpha-casozepine, which is believed to have an anxiolytic effect, and tryptophan supplementation. Tryptophan is the precursor for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter serotonin. Twenty-one indoor cats were fed with the study diet (n = 10) or a control diet (n = 11) for 8 weeks, after which physiological responses were evaluated. The study diet significantly increased the ratio of plasma tryptophan to large neutral amino acids and decreased urinary cortisol concentrations after being consumed daily for 8 weeks, but there was no effect on plasma cortisol levels following a stressful event (veterinary examination and blood draw). Further studies, such as behavioral analyses, are needed to clarify the effects of the study diet. 相似文献
62.
Maki Sugaya Futoshi Nishimura Akira Katoh Kazuo Harada 《Nucleosides, nucleotides & nucleic acids》2013,32(5):534-545
In this study, the ability to tailor the peptide-binding specificity of an RNA was investigated. First, variants of the Rev-response element (RRE) RNA with different specificities toward the natural binding partner, Rev, and two RRE-binding aptamers, the RSG-1.2 and the Kl peptides, were identified. Next, hybrid RRE mutants with combinations of two sets of specificity-altering substitutions were tested for peptide-binding specificity. It was shown that in most cases the results of the combination of individual mutations were of an additive nature, therefore providing a way to manipulate the peptide-binding specificity of an RNA in a predictable manner. 相似文献
63.
Atsuko Miyagi Maki Kawai-Yamada Minori Uchimiya Noriyuki Ojima Koichi Suzuki Hirofumi Uchimiya 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2013,9(6):1254-1261
Evolution has shown the co-dependency between host plants and predators (insects), especially inevitable dependency of predators on plant biomass for securing their energy sources. It was postulated that NAD+ source used for major energy producing pathway is the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle in insects. Using high throughput metabolomics approach, we found that larva of leaf beetle (Gastrophysa atrocyanea), which feed oxalate-rich plants (Rumex obtusifolius), possessed a unique mechanism for accumulating unusually high amounts of lactate. Similarly, larva of butterfly (Papilio machaon) fed with fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) accumulated lactate. Same butterfly also showed the elevated level of glycerol-3-phosphate equivalent to lactate. These evidences provide new insights into the mechanism underlying metabolite alteration between host plants and insect herbivores. 相似文献
64.
Daisuke Takagi Atsuko Miyagi Youshi Tazoe Mao Suganami Maki Kawai-Yamada Akihiro Ueda Yuji Suzuki Ko Noguchi Naoki Hirotsu Amane Makino 《Plant, cell & environment》2020,43(9):2033-2053
Phosphorus (P) is an essential mineral nutrient for plants. Nevertheless, excessive P accumulation in leaf mesophyll cells causes necrotic symptoms in land plants; this phenomenon is termed P toxicity. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying P toxicity in plants have not yet been elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of P toxicity in rice. We found that under excessive inorganic P (Pi) application, Rubisco activation decreased and photosynthesis was inhibited, leading to lipid peroxidation. Although the defence systems against reactive oxygen species accumulation were activated under excessive Pi application conditions, the Cu/Zn-type superoxide dismutase activities were inhibited. A metabolic analysis revealed that excessive Pi application led to an increase in the cytosolic sugar phosphate concentration and the activation of phytic acid synthesis. These conditions induced mRNA expression of genes that are activated under metal-deficient conditions, although metals did accumulate. These results suggest that P toxicity is triggered by the attenuation of both photosynthesis and metal availability within cells mediated by phytic acid accumulation. Here, we discuss the whole phenomenon of P toxicity, beginning from the accumulation of Pi within cells to death in land plants. 相似文献
65.
Kano Rui Kimura Utako Kakurai Maki Hiruma Junichiro Kamata Hiroshi Suga Yasushi Harada Kazutoshi 《Mycopathologia》2020,185(6):947-958
Mycopathologia - In this report, we describe the first isolation of two highly terbinafine (TRF)-resistant Trichophyton interdigitale-like strains from a Nepali patient and an Indian patient with... 相似文献
66.
Abdelmadjid Djoumad Audrey Nisole Don Stewart Dave Holden Reza Zahiri Maki N. Inoue Viatcheslav V. Martemyanov Roger C. Levesque Richard C. Hamelin Michel Cusson 《Systematic Entomology》2020,45(2):493-504
For regulatory purposes, the name ‘Asian gypsy moth’ refers to a group of closely related Asian Lymantria species and subspecies whose female moths display flight capability, a trait believed to confer enhanced invasiveness relative to the European gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar dispar, whose females are flightless. Lymantria albescens and Lymantria postalba are Asian gypsy moths occurring in the southern Ryukyu Islands and in the northern Ryukyu and adjacent Kyushu and Shikoku Islands of Japan, respectively. Although once considered subspecies of L. dispar, their status as distinct species, relative to the latter, is now well established. While postalba was subsequently considered a subspecies of L. albescens, largely on the basis of differences in forewing ground colour in males, both taxa were later given distinct species status by Pogue & Schaefer (2007) following their revision of the genus Lymantria. Here, we re-examined the validity of this revised status through the sequencing of a large portion of the mitochondrial genome (c. 60%) and multiple nuclear marker genes [elongation factor 1-alpha (Ef-1α), wingless (Wgl), internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2), ribosomal protein S5 (RpS5)] in representative specimens of both taxa and other Lymantria species, including L. monacha, L. xylina, L. mathura and members of the L. dispar + L. umbrosa clade. A comparison of the number of substitutions in these genomic regions among the taxa we considered showed lower or equivalent variation between L. albescens and L. postalba compared with subspecies of L. dispar, for mitochondrial and nuclear sequences, respectively. This finding was reflected in the maximum likelihood trees generated independently for mitochondrial and nuclear data, where L. albescens and L. postalba formed, in both analyses, a short-branch sister clade basal to the L. dispar + L. umbrosa clade. We further sequenced three markers [cytochrome c oxydase 1 (COI), EF-1α, Wgl] in multiple L. albescens–L. postalba specimens collected along a south-to-north transect across the Ryukyu Arc and observed no clear distinction among the sampled specimens as a function of taxonomic designation. We conclude that L. albescens and L. postalba form a single species, with postalba representing a darker-winged morph along an apparent south-to-north wing colour cline. Accordingly, L. postalba is relegated to synonymy under L. albescens ( syn.n. ). 相似文献
67.
Atsushi Mukaiyama Takashi Nakamura Koki Makabe Kosuke Maki Yuji Goto Kunihiro Kuwajima 《Journal of molecular biology》2013,425(2):257-272
The kinetic folding of β2-microglobulin from the acid-denatured state was investigated by interrupted-unfolding and interrupted-refolding experiments using stopped-flow double-jump techniques. In the interrupted unfolding, we first unfolded the protein by a pH jump from pH 7.5 to pH 2.0, and the kinetic refolding assay was carried out by the reverse pH jump by monitoring tryptophan fluorescence. Similarly, in the interrupted refolding, we first refolded the protein by a pH jump from pH 2.0 to pH 7.5 and used a guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) concentration jump as well as the reverse pH jump as unfolding assays. Based on these experiments, the folding is represented by a parallel-pathway model, in which the molecule with the correct Pro32 cis isomer refolds rapidly with a rate constant of 5–6 s? 1, while the molecule with the Pro32 trans isomer refolds more slowly (pH 7.5 and 25 °C). At the last step of folding, the native-like trans conformer produced on the latter pathway isomerizes very slowly (0.001–0.002 s? 1) into the native cis conformer. In the GdnHCl-induced unfolding assays in the interrupted refolding, the native-like trans conformer unfolded remarkably faster than the native cis conformer, and the direct GdnHCl-induced unfolding was also biphasic, indicating that the native-like trans conformer is populated at a significant level under the native condition. The one-dimensional NMR and the real-time NMR experiments of refolding further indicated that the population of the trans conformer increases up to 7–9% under a more physiological condition (pH 7.5 and 37 °C). 相似文献
68.
Atsushi Mukaiyama Takashi Nakamura Koki Makabe Kosuke Maki Yuji Goto Kunihiro Kuwajima 《Journal of molecular biology》2013,425(2):273-291
The acid transition of β2-microglobulin (β2m) was studied by tryptophan fluorescence, peptide circular dichroism, and NMR spectroscopy. The protein exhibits a three-state transition with an equilibrium intermediate accumulated at pH 4 (25 °C). The pH 4 intermediate has typical characteristics of the molten globule (MG) state; it showed a native-like secondary structure without specific side-chain tertiary structure, and the hydrodynamic radius determined by pulse field gradient NMR was only 20% larger than that of the native state. The accumulation of the pH 4 intermediate is very analogous to the behavior of apomyoglobin, for which the pH 4 MG has been well characterized, although β2m, a β-protein, is structurally very different from α-helical apomyoglobin. NMR pH titration of histidine residues of β2m has also indicated that His84 has an abnormally low pKa value in the native state. From the pH dependence of the unfolding transition, the protonations of this histidine and 10 weakly abnormal carboxylates triggered the transition from the native to the MG state. This behavior is again analogous to that of apomyoglobin, suggesting a common mechanism of production of the pH 4 MG. In contrast to the folding of apomyoglobin, in which the MG was equivalent to the burst-phase kinetic folding intermediate, the burst-phase refolding intermediate of β2m, detected by stopped-flow circular dichroism, was significantly more structured than the pH 4 intermediate. It is proposed that the folding of β2m from its acid-denatured state takes place in the following order: denatured state → MG → burst-phase intermediate → native state. 相似文献
69.
Ryuta Uraki Maki Kiso Kiyoko Iwatsuki-Horimoto Satoshi Fukuyama Emi Takashita Makoto Ozawa Yoshihiro Kawaoka 《Journal of virology》2013,87(14):7874-7881
Vaccination is an effective means to protect against influenza virus. Although inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines are currently available, each vaccine has disadvantages (e.g., immunogenicity and safety issues). To overcome these problems, we previously developed a replication-incompetent PB2-knockout (PB2-KO) influenza virus that replicates only in PB2 protein-expressing cells. Here, we generated two PB2-KO viruses whose PB2-coding regions were replaced with the HA genes of either A/California/04/2009 (H1N1pdm09) or A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1). The resultant viruses comparably, or in some cases more efficiently, induced virus-specific antibodies in the serum, nasal wash, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of mice relative to a conventional formalin-inactivated vaccine. Furthermore, mice immunized with these PB2-KO viruses were protected from lethal challenges with not only the backbone virus strain but also strains from which their foreign HAs originated, indicating that PB2-KO viruses with antigenically different HAs could serve as bivalent influenza vaccines. 相似文献