DNA barcoding survey of Trichoderma diversity in soil and litter of the Colombian lowland Amazonian rainforest reveals Trichoderma strigosellum sp. nov. and other species

The diversity of Trichoderma (Hypocreales, Ascomycota) colonizing leaf litter as well as the rhizosphere of Garcinia macrophylla (Clusiaceae) was investigated in primary and secondary rain forests in Colombian Amazonia. DNA barcoding of 107 strains based on the internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 (ITS1 and 2) of the ribosomal RNA gene cluster and the partial sequence of the translation elongation factor 1 alpha (tef1) gene revealed that the diversity of Trichoderma was dominated (71 %) by three common cosmopolitan species, namely Trichoderma harzianum sensu lato (41 %), Trichoderma spirale (17 %) and Trichoderma koningiopsis (13 %). Four ITS 1 and 2 phylotypes (13 strains) could not be identified with certainty. Multigene phylogenetic analysis and phenotype profiling of four strains with an ITS1 and 2 phylotype similar to Trichoderma strigosum revealed a new sister species of the latter that is described here as Trichoderma strigosellum sp. nov. Sequence similarity searches revealed that this species also occurs in soils of Malaysia and Cameroon, suggesting a pantropical distribution.     

Palynological evaluation of selected honeys from Romania

Fifty-four honey samples collected over two consecutive harvest seasons (2009–2010) from different floristic areas of Romania were analysed. A melissopalynological analysis including qualitative and quantitative analyses was carried out in order to identify the principal pollen types in Romanian honeys and therefore, the important plants exploited by Apis mellifera in this country. Seventy-seven pollen types from 35 botanical families were identified. The main pollen forms were: Brassica napus-type, Tilia, Helianthus annuus, Robinia pseudoacacia, Prunus, Castanea sativa, Fragaria-type and Plantago-type. Honey samples were classified as: acacia honey (Robinia pseudoacacia), lime honey (Tilia), rape honey (Brassica napus-type), sunflower honey (Helianthus annuus), cherry honey (Prunus). Three of them were honeydew honeys whereas the others were all polyfloral. The results from this study can be used as a palynological baseline data of Romanian artisanal honeys.     

Spore morphology of the north Asian members of Cystopteridaceae

Spores of Cystopteridaceae from northern Asia were examined using scanning electron microscopy. To evaluate the utility of spore morphology in the taxonomy of each genus, we examined spores of 14 species: seven species each of Gymnocarpium and Cystopteris. Among these are 12 species occurring in northern Asia and two species from other regions for comparative studies. The study focused particularly on perispore characters and spore size. Spores of all species examined are monolete, bean-shaped, with a range in spore size of 26–56 × 18–37 μm for Cystopteris and 25–48 × 16–34 μm for Gymnocarpium. The perispore is morphologically diverse within Cystopteris, but less so within Gymnocarpium. The perispore of the Cystopteris spores is characterised by folds and spines that are separate or form complex sculptural elements. Sacci, ridges and flanges, sometimes on the same spore, are characteristic of the perispore of Gymnocarpium. Spores have straight laesura over which the perispore forms a crest. The crest represents a high and flat fold, which is entire, foveolate or reticulate.     

Opioid receptor selectivity profile change via isosterism for 14-O-substituted naltrexone derivatives

Isosterism is commonly used in drug discovery and development to address stability, selectivity, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy issues. A series of 14-O-substituted naltrexone derivatives were identified as potent mu opioid receptor (MOR) antagonists with improved selectivity over the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) and the delta opioid receptor (DOR), compared to naltrexone. Since esters are not metabolically very stable under typical physiological conditions, their corresponding amide analogs were thus synthesized and biologically evaluated. Unlike their isosteres, most of these novel ligands seem to be dually selective for the MOR and the KOR over the DOR. The restricted flexibility of the amide bond linkage might be responsible for their altered selectivity profile. However, the majority of the 14-N-substituted naltrexone derivatives produced marginal or no MOR stimulation in the ³⁵S-GTP[γS] assay, which resembled their ester analogs. The current study thus indicated that the 14-substituted naltrexone isosteres are not bioisosteres since they have distinctive pharmacological profile with the regard to their opioid receptor binding affinity and selectivity.     

Fine mechanisms of the interaction of silver nanoparticles with the cells of Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus

Silver nanoparticles possess antibacterial effect for various bacteria; however mechanisms of the interaction between Ag-NPs and bacterial cells remain unclear. The aim of our study was to obtain direct evidence of Ag-NPs penetration into cells of Gram-negative bacterium S. typhimurium and Gram-positive bacterium S. aureus, and to study cell responses to Ag-NPs. The Ag-NPs (most 8–10 nm) were obtained by gas-jet method. S. typhimurium (7.81 × 10⁷ CFU), or S. aureus (8.96 × 10⁷ CFU) were treated by Ag-NPs (0.05 mg/l of silver) in orbital shaker at 190 rpm, 37 °C. Bacteria were sampled at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 5 and 23 h of the incubation for transmission electron microscopy of ultrathin sections. The Ag-NPs adsorbed on outer membrane of S. typhimurium and cell wall of S. auereus; penetrated and accumulated in cells without aggregation and damaging of neighboring cytoplasm. In cells of S. aureus Ag-NPs bound with DNA fibers. Cell responses to Ag-NPs differed morphologically in S. typhimurium and S. aureus, and mainly were presented by damage of cell structures. The cytoplasm of S. aureus became amorphous, while S. typhimurium showed lumping and lysis of cytoplasm which led to formation of “empty” cells. Other difference was fast change of cell shape in S. typhimurium, and late deformation of S. aureus cells. The obtained results showed how different could be responses induced by the same NPs in relatively simple prokaryotic cells. Evidently, Ag-NPs directly interact with macromolecular structures of living cells and are exert an active influence on their metabolism.     

Choosing the right antibody for resistin-like molecule (RELM/FIZZ) family members

The family of resistin-like molecules (RELM), also known as found in inflammatory zone (FIZZ), consists of four members in mouse (RELMα/FIZZ1/HIMF, RELMβ/FIZZ2, Resistin/FIZZ3, and RELMγ/FIZZ4) and two members in human (resistin and RELMβ). The importance of these proteins in many aspects of physiology and pathophysiology, especially inflammatory processes, is rapidly evolving in the literature, and many investigators are beginning to work in this field. Most published studies focus on only one isoform, do not evaluate other isoforms that might be present, and have not tested for the specificity of the antibody used. Because RELM isoforms have high sequence and structural similarity and both distinct and overlapping functions, it is important to use a specific antibody to distinguish each isoform in the study. We constructed and established HEK 293 cell lines that constitutively express each isoform. Using these cell lines, we determined the specificity of antibodies (both commercially available and laboratory-made) to each isoform by Western blot and immunofluorescence. Some of the antibodies showed specificity in Western blotting but were not applicable in immunofluorescence. Others showed cross reactivity in Western blot assays. Our results indicate that RELM antibody specificity should be taken into account when using them in research and interpreting data obtained with them.     

Regulation of expression of atrial and brain natriuretic peptide,biomarkers for heart development and disease

The mammalian heart expresses two closely related natriuretic peptide (NP) hormones, atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). The excretion of the NPs and the expression of their genes strongly respond to a variety of cardiovascular disorders. NPs act to increase natriuresis and decrease vascular resistance, thereby decreasing blood volume, systemic blood pressure and afterload. Plasma levels of BNP are used as diagnostic and prognostic markers for hypertrophy and heart failure (HF), and both ANF and BNP are widely used in biomedical research to assess the hypertrophic response in cell culture or the development of HF related diseases in animal models. Moreover, ANF and BNP are used as specific markers for the differentiating working myocardium in the developing heart, and the ANF promoter serves as platform to investigate gene regulatory networks during heart development and disease. However, despite decades of research, the mechanisms regulating the NP genes during development and disease are not well understood. Here we review current knowledge on the regulation of expression of the genes for ANF and BNP and their role as biomarkers, and give future directions to identify the in vivo regulatory mechanisms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Heart failure pathogenesis and emerging diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.     

Projected latitudinal and regional changes in vascular plant diversity through climate change: short-term gains and longer-term losses

A simple approach is suggested to project potential changes in the diversity of vascular plants. We use the current (recent past) relationship between plant diversity and geographic variation in the climate, as well as elevation range, to project changes in regional species richness (at 100 × 100 km resolution), concentrating on six climate scenarios for 2020, 2050 and 2080. The results show an overall trend towards increased vascular plant species richness. Increases in richness by 2050 and 2080 are expected over approximately three-quarters of the land surface, but decreases are expected in other regions. The magnitudes of richness gains and losses both increase over time, as the level of warming grows. The latitudinal pattern of change suggests that richness increases will be greatest at high latitudes, where plant productivity and diversity are largely limited by temperature. Richness decreases are not projected consistently in any latitudinal band, but are most likely to be observed at 5–40ºN, where declines in precipitation drive most projected decreases in richness.     

Proliferation and tumorigenity of murine hepatoma cells irradiated with polychromatic visible and infrared light

In experiments in vitro, the effects of polychromatic visible (VIS) light combined with polychromatic infrared light (VIS-IR, 480–3400 nm) and the effects of the entire spectrum of VIS radiation (385–750 nm) on viability and proliferative activity of the murine hepatoma cells MH22a were studied. In experiments in vivo, changes in the tumorigenic properties of cells MH22a were studied after the same kinds of light exposure. It was shown that irradiation of hepatoma cells with two kinds of polychromatic light at a wide range of doses (4.8–38.4 J/cm²) did not lead to an increase in the number of dead cells for 24–72 h of cultivation and did not cause deceleration of the hepatoma cell proliferation; moreover, the VIS-IR light at a dose of 4.8 J/cm² and the VIS light at a dose 38.4 J/cm² even promoted more intense cell proliferation after 24 h. In cells irradiated with VIS-IR and VIS light, the proliferation index rose by 1.6 and 1.4 times, respectively, and the time of the cells’ number doubling decreased as compared with control. Studying the tumorigenic properties of irradiated tumor cells has shown that, for 30 days after transplantation to syngenic mice C3HA of hepatoma cells 24 h after their irradiation with VIS-IR light at a dose of 4.8 J/cm², the tumor volume decreased significantly (2.6–4.1 times) at all periods of observation, while the incidence of tumor formation decreased, whereas the survival of the tumor-bearing mice did not change. Transplantation of cells irradiated with the same light at a dose of 9.6 J/cm² did not lead to significant changes in the tumor volume, the tumor formation incidence, and animal survival. The main contribution to the antitumor effect of VIS-IR light seems to be made by the VIS component, as transplantation into mice of cells irradiated with VIS light alone at a dose of 38.4 J/cm² also stimulating proliferation of hepatoma cells in vitro resulted in a decrease of their tumorigenic properties. However, the IR component in the combined VIS-IR radiation enhanced the antitumor effect of the VIS light; as a result, it was manifested after use of doses eight times lower (4.8 J/cm²) than in the case of VIS light alone (38.4 J/cm²). Mechanisms of the decrease of tumorigenic properties of hepatoma cells after irradiation with polychromatic light at doses stimulating their proliferation in vitro are studied.