全文获取类型
收费全文 | 731篇 |
免费 | 77篇 |
专业分类
808篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 3篇 |
2022年 | 5篇 |
2021年 | 17篇 |
2020年 | 9篇 |
2019年 | 10篇 |
2018年 | 23篇 |
2017年 | 17篇 |
2016年 | 25篇 |
2015年 | 44篇 |
2014年 | 55篇 |
2013年 | 76篇 |
2012年 | 65篇 |
2011年 | 70篇 |
2010年 | 47篇 |
2009年 | 27篇 |
2008年 | 45篇 |
2007年 | 44篇 |
2006年 | 32篇 |
2005年 | 20篇 |
2004年 | 24篇 |
2003年 | 25篇 |
2002年 | 20篇 |
2001年 | 8篇 |
2000年 | 8篇 |
1999年 | 2篇 |
1998年 | 4篇 |
1997年 | 2篇 |
1996年 | 8篇 |
1995年 | 5篇 |
1994年 | 4篇 |
1993年 | 5篇 |
1992年 | 11篇 |
1991年 | 4篇 |
1990年 | 5篇 |
1989年 | 2篇 |
1988年 | 4篇 |
1987年 | 2篇 |
1986年 | 3篇 |
1983年 | 3篇 |
1982年 | 2篇 |
1981年 | 4篇 |
1980年 | 2篇 |
1969年 | 1篇 |
1968年 | 2篇 |
1961年 | 1篇 |
1943年 | 1篇 |
1936年 | 1篇 |
1928年 | 1篇 |
1926年 | 1篇 |
1924年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有808条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
91.
Madsen PP Kibaek M Roca X Sachidanandam R Krainer AR Christensen E Steiner RD Gibson KM Corydon TJ Knudsen I Wanders RJ Ruiter JP Gregersen N Andresen BS 《Human genetics》2006,118(6):680-690
Short/branched-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (SBCADD) is an autosomal recessive disorder of l-isoleucine catabolism. Little is known about the clinical presentation associated with this enzyme defect, as it has been
reported in only a limited number of patients. Because the presence of C5-carnitine in blood may indicate SBCADD, the disorder
may be detected by MS/MS-based routine newborn screening. It is, therefore, important to gain more knowledge about the clinical
presentation and the mutational spectrum of SBCADD. In the present study, we have studied two unrelated families with SBCADD,
both with seizures and psychomotor delay as the main clinical features. One family illustrates the fact that affected individuals
may also remain asymptomatic. In addition, the normal level of newborn blood spot C5-acylcarnitine in one patient underscores
the fact that newborn screening by MS/MS currently lacks sensitivity in detecting SBCADD. Until now, seven mutations in the SBCAD gene have been reported, but only three have been tested experimentally. Here, we identify and characterize an IVS3+3A>G
mutation (c.303+3A>G) in the SBCAD gene, and provide evidence that this mutation is disease-causing in both families. Using a minigene approach, we show that
the IVS3+3A>G mutation causes exon 3 skipping, despite the fact that it does not appear to disrupt the consensus sequence
of the 5′ splice site. Based on these results and numerous literature examples, we suggest that this type of mutation (IVS+3A>G)
induces missplicing only when in the context of non-consensus (weak) 5′ splice sites. Statistical analysis of the sequences
shows that the wild-type versions of 5′ splice sites in which +3A>G mutations cause exon skipping and disease are weaker on
average than a random set of 5′ splice sites. This finding is relevant to the interpretation of the functional consequences
of this type of mutation in other disease genes. 相似文献
92.
Andres Jaanus Susanna Hajdu Seppo Kaitala Agneta Andersson Kaire Kaljurand Iveta Ledaine Inga Lips Irina Olenina 《Hydrobiologia》2006,554(1):137-146
During the latest years medium-sized (15–30 μm), single-celled dinoflagellates have been reported to form blooms in the northern
Baltic Proper and the Gulf of Finland in winter and spring. Recent studies (Kremp et al., 2003. Proceedings of the 7th International conference of Modern and Fossil Dinoflagellates, September 21–25, Nagasaki, Japan,
66 pp.) indicate that those blooms are caused by two isomorphic species – Scrippsiella hangoei (Schiller) Larsen, and a new species, tentatively belonging to the genus Woloszynskia. Until now there has been no report on how widely distributed these phytoplankton species are in the Baltic Sea. In this
study, the occurrence of Scrippsiella/Woloszynskia complex in the entire Baltic Sea was investigated, by using monitoring data from 1997 to 2003. The species occurred in a
salinity range from 2 to 8 PSU. Highest concentrations were observed at salinity 4.5–6.5 PSU. Maximum cell densities of Scrippsiella/Woloszynskia complex in the water column were mainly obtained in April or in the beginning of May by the water temperature <3 °C prior
to stratification was formed. In the central Gulf of Finland, the second maximum was found in 1999 and 2002 by the temperature
>6 °C. Bloom formations in the Baltic Proper and in the Gulf of Finland may not only be explained by optimum temperature and
salinity, but also with other factors e.g. high nutrient concentrations and good seeding conditions from the sediments. 相似文献
93.
Iciek M Kwiecień I Chwatko G Sokołowska-Jeżewicz M Kowalczyk-Pachel D Rokita H 《Cell biochemistry and function》2012,30(3):198-204
The aim of the present studies was to determine whether the mechanism of biological action of garlic-derived sulfur compounds in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells can be dependent on the presence of labile sulfane sulfur in their molecules. We investigated the effect of allyl sulfides from garlic: monosulfide, disulfide and trisulfide on cell proliferation and viability, caspase 3 activity and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) production in HepG2 cells. In parallel, we also examined the influence of the previously mentioned compounds on the levels of thiols, glutathione, cysteine and cysteinyl-glycine, and on the level of sulfane sulfur and the activity of its metabolic enzymes: rhodanese, 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase and cystathionase. Among the compounds under study, diallyl trisulfide (DATS), a sulfane sulfur-containing compound, showed the highest biological activity in HepG2 cells. This compound increased the H(2)O(2) formation, lowered the thiol level and produced the strongest inhibition of cell proliferation and the greatest induction of caspase 3 activity in HepG2 cells. DATS did not affect the activity of sulfurtransferases and lowered sulfane sulfur level in HepG2 cells. It appears that sulfane sulfur containing DATS can be bioreduced in cancer cells to hydroperthiol that leads to H(2)O(2) generation, thereby influencing transmission of signals regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis. 相似文献
94.
Tennstaedt A Pöpsel S Truebestein L Hauske P Brockmann A Schmidt N Irle I Sacca B Niemeyer CM Brandt R Ksiezak-Reding H Tirniceriu AL Egensperger R Baldi A Dehmelt L Kaiser M Huber R Clausen T Ehrmann M 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2012,287(25):20931-20941
Protective proteases are key elements of protein quality control pathways that are up-regulated, for example, under various protein folding stresses. These proteases are employed to prevent the accumulation and aggregation of misfolded proteins that can impose severe damage to cells. The high temperature requirement A (HtrA) family of serine proteases has evolved to perform important aspects of ATP-independent protein quality control. So far, however, no HtrA protease is known that degrades protein aggregates. We show here that human HTRA1 degrades aggregated and fibrillar tau, a protein that is critically involved in various neurological disorders. Neuronal cells and patient brains accumulate less tau, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuritic plaques, respectively, when HTRA1 is expressed at elevated levels. Furthermore, HTRA1 mRNA and HTRA1 activity are up-regulated in response to elevated tau concentrations. These data suggest that HTRA1 is performing regulated proteolysis during protein quality control, the implications of which are discussed. 相似文献
95.
Water-soluble chlorophyll protein (WSCP) has been found in many Brassicaceae, most often in leaves. In many cases, its expression is stress-induced, therefore, it is thought to be involved in some stress response. In this work, recombinant WSCP from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtWSCP) is found to form chlorophyll-protein complexes in vitro that share many properties with recombinant or native WSCP from Brassica oleracea, BoWSCP, including an unusual heat resistance up to 100°C in aqueous solution. A polyclonal antibody raised against the recombinant apoprotein is used to identify plant tissues expressing AtWSCP. The only plant organs containing significant amounts of AtWSCP are the gynoecium in open flowers and the septum of developing siliques, specifically the transmission tract. In fully grown but still green siliques, the protein has almost disappeared. Possible implications for AtWSCP functions are discussed. 相似文献
96.
Background
Determining the distances over which seeds are dispersed is a crucial component for examining spatial patterns of seed dispersal and their consequences for plant reproductive success and population structure. However, following the fate of individual seeds after removal from the source tree till deposition at a distant place is generally extremely difficult. Here we provide a comparison of observationally and genetically determined seed dispersal distances and dispersal curves in a Neotropical animal-plant system.Methodology/Principal Findings
In a field study on the dispersal of seeds of three Parkia (Fabaceae) species by two Neotropical primate species, Saguinus fuscicollis and Saguinus mystax, in Peruvian Amazonia, we observationally determined dispersal distances. These dispersal distances were then validated through DNA fingerprinting, by matching DNA from the maternally derived seed coat to DNA from potential source trees. We found that dispersal distances are strongly right-skewed, and that distributions obtained through observational and genetic methods and fitted distributions do not differ significantly from each other.Conclusions/Significance
Our study showed that seed dispersal distances can be reliably estimated through observational methods when a strict criterion for inclusion of seeds is observed. Furthermore, dispersal distances produced by the two primate species indicated that these primates fulfil one of the criteria for efficient seed dispersers. Finally, our study demonstrated that DNA extraction methods so far employed for temperate plant species can be successfully used for hard-seeded tropical plants. 相似文献97.
The human DNA mismatch repair (MMR) process is crucial to maintain the integrity of the genome and requires many different proteins which interact perfectly and coordinated. Germline mutations in MMR genes are responsible for the development of the hereditary form of colorectal cancer called Lynch syndrome. Various mutations mainly in two MMR proteins, MLH1 and MSH2, have been identified so far, whereas 55% are detected within MLH1, the essential component of the heterodimer MutLα (MLH1 and PMS2). Most of those MLH1 variants are pathogenic but the relevance of missense mutations often remains unclear. Many different recombinant systems are applied to filter out disease-associated proteins whereby fluorescent tagged proteins are frequently used. However, dye labeling might have deleterious effects on MutLα's functionality. Therefore, we analyzed the consequences of N- and C-terminal fluorescent labeling on expression level, cellular localization and MMR activity of MutLα. Besides significant influence of GFP- or Red-fusion on protein expression we detected incorrect shuttling of single expressed C-terminal GFP-tagged PMS2 into the nucleus and found that C-terminal dye labeling impaired MMR function of MutLα. In contrast, N-terminal tagged MutLαs retained correct functionality and can be recommended both for the analysis of cellular localization and MMR efficiency. 相似文献
98.
Ariadne Letra Walid Fakhouri Renata F. Fonseca Renato Menezes Inga Kempa Joanne L. Prasad Toby G. McHenry Andrew C. Lidral Lina Moreno Jeffrey C. Murray Sandra Daack-Hirsch Mary L. Marazita Eduardo E. Castilla Baiba Lace Ieda M. Orioli Jose M. Granjeiro Brian C. Schutte Alexandre R. Vieira 《PloS one》2012,7(9)
Previous evidence from tooth agenesis studies suggested IRF6 and TGFA interact. Since tooth agenesis is commonly found in individuals with cleft lip/palate (CL/P), we used four large cohorts to evaluate if IRF6 and TGFA interaction contributes to CL/P. Markers within and flanking IRF6 and TGFA genes were tested using Taqman or SYBR green chemistries for case-control analyses in 1,000 Brazilian individuals. We looked for evidence of gene-gene interaction between IRF6 and TGFA by testing if markers associated with CL/P were overtransmitted together in the case-control Brazilian dataset and in the additional family datasets. Genotypes for an additional 142 case-parent trios from South America drawn from the Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC), 154 cases from Latvia, and 8,717 individuals from several cohorts were available for replication of tests for interaction. Tgfa and Irf6 expression at critical stages during palatogenesis was analyzed in wild type and Irf6 knockout mice. Markers in and near IRF6 and TGFA were associated with CL/P in the Brazilian cohort (p<10−6). IRF6 was also associated with cleft palate (CP) with impaction of permanent teeth (p<10−6). Statistical evidence of interaction between IRF6 and TGFA was found in all data sets (p = 0.013 for Brazilians; p = 0.046 for ECLAMC; p = 10−6 for Latvians, and p = 0.003 for the 8,717 individuals). Tgfa was not expressed in the palatal tissues of Irf6 knockout mice. IRF6 and TGFA contribute to subsets of CL/P with specific dental anomalies. Moreover, this potential IRF6-TGFA interaction may account for as much as 1% to 10% of CL/P cases. The Irf6-knockout model further supports the evidence of IRF6-TGFA interaction found in humans. 相似文献
99.
Baiba Lace Inga Kempa Janis Klovins Janis Stavusis Astrida Krumina Ilze Akota Biruta Barkane Alexandre R. Vieira Erika Nagle Ieva Grinfelde Ieva Maulina 《Birth defects research. Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology》2012,94(11):918-924
BACKGROUND: Cleft lip (CL) with or without palate (CLP) and isolated cleft palate (CP) are etiologically complex diseases with interactions among various environmental and genetic factors. The aim of the current study was to identify association with genetic markers and phenotypic craniofacial data in patients with CL/CLP/CP parents. METHODS: Posteroanterior and lateral digital radiographs of the cranium were obtained from 74 parents of patients with CL/CLP/CP. One hundred seventy‐three patients with CL/CLP/CP and 190 controls were enrolled in the study for the association test. Five genetic markers of the IRF6 gene and 14 markers of the 19q13 locus were genotyped. Linear regression analysis was performed for the relationship of cephalometric measurements with genotype data adjusted for age, gender, and cleft type. Chi‐square and transmission disequilibrium tests were performed to evaluate differences in alleles of the BCL3 gene. Positive findings were replicated in an independent sample (n = 95) of patients with CL/CLP/CP parents. RESULTS: Genetic markers of the BCL3 gene at 19q13, rs7257231, and rs1979377 in the familial association test and rs10401176 in the case‐control association test, were associated with craniofacial phenotype. Carriers of BCL3 allele rs7257231T had longer posterior cranial bases than noncarriers (padjusted = 0.0028), and in the familial‐based association test showed the statistically strongest relationship (padjusted = 0.05) to phenotype. Relation of rs7257231 to facial formation was confirmed in the replication group (p = 0.0024). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that BCL3, which has functions related to cell adhesion and whose downregulation can cause disruption of ectodermal development, is likely to be important in facial formation. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
100.