Cloning and expression of the gene for a fibronectin-binding protein from Staphylococcus aureus.

The gene encoding the fibronectin-binding protein (FNBP) from Staphylococcus aureus strain 8325-4 was isolated from a gene bank in pBR322. The original clone, containing a 6.5-kb insert, gave a functional product present in the periplasm of Escherichia coli. Analysis of polypeptides isolated after affinity chromatography on fibronectin-Sepharose followed by ion-exchange chromatography revealed two gene products, 87 and 165 kd in mol. wt. The amino acid compositions of these two polypeptides and a native FNBP from S. aureus strain Newman were very similar. Antibodies raised against the native FNBP from strain Newman precipitated the 125I-labelled 165-kd polypeptide, and unlabeled 165- and 87-kd polypeptides as well as native FNBP inhibited the immunoprecipitation reactions. The region of the fnbp-gene encoding the fibronectin-binding activity has been identified and subcloned in an expression vector based on the staphylococcal protein A gene. The resulting product in E. coli is an extracellular fusion protein consisting of two IgG-binding domains of protein A followed by a fibronectin-binding region. The fusion protein binds to fibronectin and completely inhibits the binding of fibronectin to intact cells of S. aureus.     

Early increases in the frequency of DNA initiations and of phospholipid synthesis discontinuities after nutritional shift-up in Escherichia coli

Cultures of Escherichia coli (strains ML30 and K12 AB1157), synchronized by repeated phosphate starvation, were submitted to nutritional shifts-up at various cell ages. The progression of the replication forks was assessed by DNA-DNA hybridization of pulse-labelled chromosomal DNA with plasmid DNA probes containing specific chromosomal sequences. The rate of phospholipid synthesis and its cyclic discontinuities were measured by continuous and pulse labelling with palmitate. The DNA-DNA hybridization experiments showed that a shift-up induces a burst of initiation from the oriC region. These hybridization results, taken together with older data from the literature, suggest that most DNA initiations belonging to this burst are not followed by complete replication. Following a shift-up, the rate of phospholipid synthesis is maintained for 13-20 min, depending on cell age at shift-up, then doubles. The new steady-state rate of phospholipid synthesis is reached through a series of three doublings, while the cell mass doubles approximately twice. This discrepancy brings the rate of phospholipid synthesis per mass unit to its steady-state postshift value.     

Evidence for a dual mechanism of chick embryo fibroblast adhesion on fibronectin and laminin substrata

Eight-day-old chick embryo fibroblasts were shown to adhere specifically to fibronectin and laminin substrata. Moreover, the Scatchard analysis reveals 540,000 binding sites per cell for the fibronectin with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 1.35 microM and 5,500 binding sites per cell for laminin with a Kd of 1.5 nM. Furthermore, cell-fibronectin interactions are mediated by plasma membrane proteins of high molecular weight (HMW) (150K and 125K) insensitive to trypsin treatment and low molecular weight (LMW) proteins (95K, 80K, 65K and 45K) sensitive to trypsin treatment. Adhesion of 8-day-old chick embryo fibroblasts on laminin is mediated by plasma membrane proteins highly sensitive to trypsin treatment. Regarding the paucity of laminin-binding sites, the identification of laminin receptor could not be achieved. Nevertheless, this study provides quantitative and qualitative evidences for different mechanisms of 8-day-old chick embryo fibroblasts on laminin and fibronectin.     

Export and secretion of overproduced OmpA-beta-lactamase in Escherichia coli

The export of beta-lactamase to the periplasm of Escherichia coli can be directed by the OmpA signal peptide in the secretion cloning vector pIN-III. The overproduction of the hybrid precursor specifically induces a delay in the onset of processing of newly synthesized polypeptide chains. However, when the processing starts, no alteration in the rate of cleavage itself is observed. Our results suggest that the temporal mode of processing (which reflects translocation) does not depend on the nature of the signal peptide but rather depends on the nature of the polypeptide chain exported.     

Link protein interactions with hyaluronate and proteoglycans. Characterization of two distinct domains in bovine cartilage link proteins

Hyaluronic acid-binding region and trypsin-link protein were prepared from bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycan complex after trypsin digestion. Binary complexes were reformed between trypsin-link protein and hyaluronic acid-binding region or hyaluronate. Upon trypsin treatment of these complexes, two fragments deriving from trypsin-link protein were characterized. One of them, of 20 kDa, corresponds in fact to a 140-amino acid long fragment and bears the glycosylated site of trypsin-link protein; it appears to be involved in proteoglycan/link protein interaction. The other, of 22 kDa, corresponds to the 200 C-terminal amino acids of trypsin-link protein; it appears to be involved in the binding of link protein with hyaluronic acid. A structural model of bovine trypsin-like protein depicting two distinct domains involved in hyaluronate and proteoglycan subunit interactions is proposed.     

Proton magnetic resonance study of lysine-binding to the kringle 4 domain of human plasminogen. The structure of the binding site

The binding of L-Lys, D-Lys and epsilon-aminocaproic acid (epsilon ACA) to the kringle 4 domain of human plasminogen has been investigated via one and two-dimensional 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 300 and 600 MHz. Ligand-kringle association constants (Ka) were determined assuming single site binding. At 295 K, pH 7.2, D-Lys binds to kringle 4 much more weakly (Ka = 1.2 mM-1) than does L-Lys (Ka = 24.4 mM-1). L-Lys binding to kringle 4 causes the appearance of ring current-shifted high-field resonances within the -1 approximately less than delta approximately less than 0 parts per million range. The ligand origin of these signals has been confirmed by examining the spectra of kringle 4 titrated with deuterated L-Lys. A systematic analysis of ligand-induced shifts on the aromatic resonances of kringle 4 has been carried out on the basis of 300 MHz two-dimensional chemical shift correlated (COSY) and double quantum correlated spectroscopies. Significant differences in the effect of L-Lys and D-Lys binding to kringle 4 have been observed in the aromatic COSY spectrum. In particular, the His31 H4 and Trp72 H2 singlets and the Phe64 multiplets appear to be the most sensitive to the particular enantiomers, indicating that these residues are in proximity to the ligand C alpha center. In contrast, the rest of the indole spectrum of Trp72 and the aromatic resonances of Trp62 and Tyr74, which are affected by ligand presence, are insensitive to the optical nature of the ligand isomer. These results, together with two-dimensional proton Overhauser studies and ligand-kringle saturation transfer experiments reported previously, enabled us to generate a model of the kringle 4 ligand-binding site from the crystallographic co-ordinates of the prothrombin kringle 1. The latter, although lacking recognizable lysine-binding capability, is otherwise structurally homologous to the plasminogen kringles.     

Endosymbiotic origin and codon bias of the nuclear gene for chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from maize

Summary The nuclei of plant cells harbor genes for two types of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases (GAPDH) displaying a sequence divergence corresponding to the prokaryote/eukaryote separation. This strongly supports the endosymbiotic theory of chloroplast evolution and in particular the gene transfer hypothesis suggesting that the gene for the chloroplast enzyme, initially located in the genome of the endosymbiotic chloroplast progenitor, was transferred during the course of evolution into the nuclear genome of the endosymbiotic host. Codon usage in the gene for chloroplast GAPDH of maize is radically different from that employed by present-day chloroplasts and from that of the cytosolic (glycolytic) enzyme from the same cell. This reveals the presence of subcellular selective pressures which appear to be involved in the optimization of gene expression in the economically important graminaceous monocots.     

Meiofauna associated with a Pacific coral reef in Costa Rica

The meiofauna of two coral reef habitats at Isla del Naño, Costa Rica was studied over a one year period. The dominant groups were: Foraminifera (21.2%), Copepoda (19.7%), Nematoda (19.1%), Gastropoda (16.5%), Polychaeta (7.2%) and Bivalvia (6.6%). The highest diversity was found in coarse, heterogeneous sands with the highest percentage of carbonates. The meiofauna showed a high degree of horizontal aggregation, which is a characteristic pattern for macro- and meiofauna in sediments of variable composition. No vertical variation in distribution was evident, probably due to the deep location of the Redox Potential Discontinuity layer. The total densities of organisms found in this study (99 to 575 ind/10 cm²) are low compared with densities in similar non-reefal sands (7 to 6116), and from fine sediments (80 to 17 000), but are comparable to densities found in other reef areas (39 to 609.5 ind/10 cm²). This is the first report on meiofauna from the eastern Pacific, and the first time that foraminiferans are the dominant group.     

Conformational predictive studies on the activation segment of pancreatic procarboxypeptidases

Little is known about the conformation and evolutionary origin of the activation segment of pancreatic procarboxypeptidases. Analysis of the sequence and secondary structure propensities of these propeptide segments indicate that they contain two regions structurally related to the Ca2+-binding sites of the EF-hand protein family. This proposed homology could explain how (and why) carboxypeptidases developed such long (94 residues) activation peptides.     

Microheterogeneity of the malate dehydrogenase from several sources

Different homogeneously purified cytosolic malate dehydrogenases gave, on isoelectric focusing, several active bands. The phenomenon could not be assigned to differences in their molecular weights or to alterations in the enzyme preparations during the purification procedure. Resolution of the multiple malate dehydrogenase active bands was achieved by chromatofocusing. The aged isolated subforms always yielded the original electrofocusing pattern. This fact suggests that conformational isomerism is a likely explanation for the charge heterogeneity of the enzymes studied.