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The sequences of the 5' long-terminal repeat (LTR) and adjacent leader
regions of 27 full-length copia elements isolated from natural populations
of Drosophila melanogaster, D. simulans, and D. mauritiana are presented.
Phylogenetic analyses indicate that although D. melanogaster copia elements
are distinct from those of D. simulans and D. mauritiana, the elements of
these latter two species are not distinguishable from one another. LTRs and
adjacent 5' leader regions of elements isolated from D. simulans and D.
mauritiana are structurally similar to one another and carry substantial
deletional variation mapping to regions previously identified as being of
potential importance for copia expression.
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Adults of the human parasitic trematode Schistosoma mansoni, which causes
hepatosplenic/intestinal complications in humans, synthesize
glycoconjugates containing the Lewis x (Lex) Galbeta1-->4(Fucalpha1--
>3)GlcNAcbeta1-->R, but not sialyl Lewis x (sLex), antigen. We now
report on our analyses of Lexand sLexexpression in S.haematobium and
S.japonicum, which are two other major species of human schistosomes that
cause disease, and the possible autoimmunity to these antigens in infected
individuals. Antigen expression was evaluated by both ELISA and Western
blot analyses of detergent extracts of parasites using monoclonal
antibodies. Several high molecular weight glycoproteins in both S.
haematobium and S. japonicum contain the Lexantigen, but no sialyl
Lexantigen was detected. In addition, sera from humans and rodents infected
with S.haematobium and S.japonicum contain antibodies reactive with Lex.
These results led us to investigate whether Lexantigens are expressed in
other helminths, including the parasitic trematode Fasciola hepatica , the
parasitic nematode Dirofilaria immitis (dog heartworm), the ruminant
nematode Haemonchus contortus , and the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis
elegans . Neither Lexnor sialyl-Lexis detectable in these other helminths.
Furthermore, none of the helminths, including schistosomes, express Lea,
Leb, Ley, or the H- type 1 antigen. However, several glycoproteins from all
helminths analyzed are bound by Lotus tetragonolobus agglutinin , which
binds Fucalpha1-->3GlcNAc, and Wisteria floribunda agglutinin, which
binds GalNAcbeta1-->4GlcNAc (lacdiNAc or LDN). Thus, schistosomes may be
unique among helminths in expressing the Lexantigen, whereas many different
helminths may express alpha1,3-fucosylated glycans and the LDN motif.
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A high yield of nifedipine-chitosan microspheres could be obtained using an emulsification phase-separation method. A high level of entrapment of nifedipine in the microspheres was achieved. The microspheres exhibited excellent swelling properties. Differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffractometry, and scanning electron microscopy confirmed that at 1.84% loading, nifedipine was dispersed molecularly. The microspheres exhibited faster release at low loadings compared to high loadings. Fitting the data to the coupled Fickian/case II equation, showed that at low loadings polymer relaxation coefficients (k2) were high. As the polymer content increased in the microspheres, the value of n (diffusional exponent characteristic of the release mechanism) approached one, which is indicative of zero order. 相似文献
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Rajarajan K Sakshi S Taria S Prathima PT Radhakrishna A Anuragi H Ashajyothi M Bharati A Handa AK Arunachalam A 《Molecular biology reports》2022,49(10):9453-9463
Molecular Biology Reports - Pongamia is considered an important biofuel species worldwide. Drought stress in the early growth stages of Pongamia influences negatively on the germination and... 相似文献
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