全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2139篇 |
免费 | 126篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
专业分类
2266篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 9篇 |
2022年 | 28篇 |
2021年 | 53篇 |
2020年 | 39篇 |
2019年 | 37篇 |
2018年 | 72篇 |
2017年 | 48篇 |
2016年 | 75篇 |
2015年 | 93篇 |
2014年 | 123篇 |
2013年 | 150篇 |
2012年 | 175篇 |
2011年 | 177篇 |
2010年 | 106篇 |
2009年 | 77篇 |
2008年 | 146篇 |
2007年 | 128篇 |
2006年 | 117篇 |
2005年 | 97篇 |
2004年 | 91篇 |
2003年 | 85篇 |
2002年 | 87篇 |
2001年 | 22篇 |
2000年 | 17篇 |
1999年 | 17篇 |
1998年 | 27篇 |
1997年 | 5篇 |
1996年 | 16篇 |
1995年 | 10篇 |
1994年 | 11篇 |
1993年 | 7篇 |
1992年 | 9篇 |
1991年 | 5篇 |
1990年 | 8篇 |
1989年 | 7篇 |
1988年 | 10篇 |
1987年 | 8篇 |
1986年 | 7篇 |
1985年 | 4篇 |
1984年 | 5篇 |
1983年 | 6篇 |
1981年 | 6篇 |
1980年 | 3篇 |
1973年 | 3篇 |
1972年 | 4篇 |
1961年 | 2篇 |
1960年 | 3篇 |
1959年 | 4篇 |
1958年 | 2篇 |
1957年 | 7篇 |
排序方式: 共有2266条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
101.
Summary In a population of Allium stracheyi
Baker (2n=14) growing in Darjeeling both diploids and polyploids occur. The diploids contain B-chromosomes varying from 2–10 in number. Polyploids are conspicuous by absence of B-chromosomes. These in diploids are found in the pollen mother cells and also in the pollen, and some are provided with subterminal constriction.Diploid individuals when brought from Darjeeling to Calcutta (i. e. from temperate to tropical regions) became polyploid within a month and the B-chromosomes were simultaneously lost. In order to confirm this unexpected result, the transfer experiment has been repeated thrice with fresh collections in each case and selection of diploid bulbs after cytological observation. In all cases the result has been the same. In rare cases one or two B-chromosomes were found in the polyploid cells which might represent intermediate steps of the disappearance.B-chromosomes in diploids possibly help the individual to compete with polyploids by enlarging the adaptive capacity.The sudden polyploidisation by transfer from the mountains to the plains might have been the result of a shock due to the temperature difference. The high temperature may be deleterious for the reproduction of B-chromosomes, and their degeneration products possibly contribute to cytoplasmic changes and the spindle disturbances which effect polyploidisation. 相似文献
102.
Mohamed S. Elshikh Mohammad Ajmal Ali Fahad Al-Hemaid Soo Yong Kim Meena Elangbam Arun Bahadur Gurung Prasanjit Mukherjee Mohamed El-Zaidy Joongku Lee 《Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences》2022,29(3):1313-1321
The enhanced understanding of chloroplast genomics would facilitate various biotechnology applications; however, the chloroplast (cp) genome / plastome characteristics of plants like Fagonia indica Burm.f. (family Zygophyllaceae), which have the capability to grow in extremely hot sand desert, have been rarely understood. The de novo genome sequence of F. indica using the Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology determined 128,379 bp long cp genome, encode 115 unique coding genes. The present study added the evidence of the loss of a copy of the IR in the cp genome of the taxa capable to grow in the hot sand desert. The maximum likelihood analysis revealed two distinct sub-clades i.e. Krameriaceae and Zygophyllaceae of the order Zygophyllales, nested within fabids. 相似文献
103.
104.
Anne-Laure Leblond Kerstin Klinkert Kenneth Martin Elizebeth C. Turner Arun H. Kumar Tara Browne Noel M. Caplice 《PloS one》2015,10(9)
The heart hosts tissue resident macrophages which are capable of modulating cardiac inflammation and function by multiple mechanisms. At present, the consequences of phenotypic diversity in macrophages in the heart are incompletely understood. The contribution of cardiac M2-polarized macrophages to the resolution of inflammation and repair response following myocardial infarction remains to be fully defined. In this study, the role of M2 macrophages was investigated utilising a specific CSF-1 receptor signalling inhibition strategy to achieve their depletion. In mice, oral administration of GW2580, a CSF-1R kinase inhibitor, induced significant decreases in Gr1lo and F4/80hi monocyte populations in the circulation and the spleen. GW2580 administration also induced a significant depletion of M2 macrophages in the heart after 1 week treatment as well as a reduction of cardiac arginase1 and CD206 gene expression indicative of M2 macrophage activity. In a murine myocardial infarction model, reduced M2 macrophage content was associated with increased M1-related gene expression (IL-6 and IL-1β), and decreased M2-related gene expression (Arginase1 and CD206) in the heart of GW2580-treated animals versus vehicle-treated controls. M2 depletion was also associated with a loss in left ventricular contractile function, infarct enlargement, decreased collagen staining and increased inflammatory cell infiltration into the infarct zone, specifically neutrophils and M1 macrophages. Taken together, these data indicate that CSF-1R signalling is critical for maintaining cardiac tissue resident M2-polarized macrophage population, which is required for the resolution of inflammation post myocardial infarction and, in turn, for preservation of ventricular function. 相似文献
105.
Kamath AT Mastelic B Christensen D Rochat AF Agger EM Pinschewer DD Andersen P Lambert PH Siegrist CA 《Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)》2012,188(10):4828-4837
The dendritic cell (DC) targeting/activation patterns required to elicit Th1/Th17 responses remain undefined. One postulated requirement was that of a physical linkage between Ags and immunomodulators. Accordingly, the separate same-site administration of Ag85B-ESAT-6 (hybrid-1 protein; H1), a mycobacterial fusion Ag, and the CAF01 liposome-based adjuvant induced similar Ab and weak Th2 responses as those of coformulated H1/CAF01 but failed to elicit Th1/Th17 responses. Yet, this separate same-site injection generated the same type and number of activated Ag(+)/adjuvant(+) DCs in the draining lymph nodes (LN) as that of protective H1/CAF01 immunization. Thus, targeting/activating the same DC population by Ag and adjuvant is not sufficient to elicit Th1/Th17 responses. To identify the determinants of Th1/Th17 adjuvanticity, in vivo tracking experiments using fluorescently labeled Ag and adjuvant identified that a separate same-site administration elicits an additional early Ag(+)/adjuvant(-) DC population with a nonactivated phenotype, resulting from the earlier targeting of LN DCs by H1 than by CAF01 molecules. This asynchronous targeting pattern was mimicked by the injection of free H1 prior to or with, but not after, H1/CAF01 or H1/CpG/ aluminum hydroxide immunization. The injection of soluble OVA similarly prevented the induction of Th1 responses by OVA/CAF01. Using adoptively transferred OT-2 cells, we show that the Ag targeting of LN DCs prior to their activation generates nonactivated Ag-pulsed DCs that recruit Ag-specific T cells, trigger their initial proliferation, but interfere with Th1 induction in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, the synchronization of DC targeting and activation is a critical determinant for Th1/Th17 adjuvanticity. 相似文献
106.
Effect of Sodium-Glucose Cotransport Inhibition on Polycystic Kidney Disease Progression in PCK Rats
Sarika Kapoor Daniel Rodriguez Meliana Riwanto Ilka Edenhofer Stephan Segerer Katharyn Mitchell Rudolf P. Wüthrich 《PloS one》2015,10(4)
The sodium-glucose-cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor dapagliflozin (DAPA) induces glucosuria and osmotic diuresis via inhibition of renal glucose reabsorption. Since increased diuresis retards the progression of polycystic kidney disease (PKD), we investigated the effect of DAPA in the PCK rat model of PKD. DAPA (10 mg/kg/d) or vehicle was administered by gavage to 6 week old male PCK rats (n=9 per group). Renal function, albuminuria, kidney weight and cyst volume were assessed after 6 weeks of treatment. Treatment with DAPA markedly increased glucose excretion (23.6 ± 4.3 vs 0.3 ± 0.1 mmol/d) and urine output (57.3 ± 6.8 vs 19.3 ± 0.8 ml/d). DAPA-treated PCK rats had higher clearances for creatinine (3.1 ± 0.1 vs 2.6 ± 0.2 ml/min) and BUN (1.7 ± 0.1 vs 1.2 ± 0.1 ml/min) after 3 weeks, and developed a 4-fold increase in albuminuria. Ultrasound imaging and histological analysis revealed a higher cyst volume and a 23% higher total kidney weight after 6 weeks of DAPA treatment. At week 6 the renal cAMP content was similar between DAPA and vehicle, and staining for Ki67 did not reveal an increase in cell proliferation. In conclusion, the inhibition of glucose reabsorption with the SGLT2-specific inhibitor DAPA caused osmotic diuresis, hyperfiltration, albuminuria and an increase in cyst volume in PCK rats. The mechanisms which link glucosuria to hyperfiltration, albuminuria and enhanced cyst volume in PCK rats remain to be elucidated. 相似文献
107.
108.
We present RIBFIND, a method for detecting flexibility in protein structures via the clustering of secondary structural elements (SSEs) into rigid bodies. To test the usefulness of the method in refining atomic structures within cryoEM density we incorporated it into our flexible fitting protocol (Flex-EM). Our benchmark includes 13 pairs of protein structures in two conformations each, one of which is represented by a corresponding cryoEM map. Refining the structures in simulated and experimental maps at the 5–15 Å resolution range using rigid bodies identified by RIBFIND shows a significant improvement over using individual SSEs as rigid bodies. For the 15 Å resolution simulated maps, using RIBFIND-based rigid bodies improves the initial fits by 40.64% on average, as compared to 26.52% when using individual SSEs. Furthermore, for some test cases we show that at the sub-nanometer resolution range the fits can be further improved by applying a two-stage refinement protocol (using RIBFIND-based refinement followed by an SSE-based refinement). The method is stand-alone and could serve as a general interactive tool for guiding flexible fitting into EM maps. 相似文献
109.
Unreported yet massive deforestation driving loss
of endemic biodiversity in Indian Himalaya 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
M. K. Pandit Navjot S. Sodhi Lian Pin Koh Arun Bhaskar Barry W. Brook 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2007,16(1):153-163
Deforestation is a primary driver of biotic extinctions in the tropics. The impacts of deforestation in tropical biodiversity
hotspots are of particular concern because these regions contain high concentrations of globally endemic species. However,
the effects of large-scale deforestation on native biotas within the biodiversity hotspot of Himalaya remain poorly documented.
Here we report on an alarming trend of deforestation in the Indian Himalaya and project the likely consequential extinctions
of endemic taxa (species and subspecies) by 2100 across a broad range of taxonomic groups, including gymnosperms, angiosperms,
fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. With the current level of deforestation, by 2100 only about 10% of the land
area of the Indian Himalaya will be covered by dense forest (>40% canopy cover)—a scenario in which almost a quarter of the
endemic species could be wiped out, including 366 endemic vascular plant taxa and 35 endemic vertebrate taxa. We also show
that inaccurate reporting of forest cover data by governmental institutions can result in underestimations of the biological
impacts of deforestation, as well as potential miscalculations in land-use decisions (e.g., the construction of hydroelectric
dams). Large-scale conservation efforts, including forest protection and reforestation, are urgently needed to avoid the impending
deforestation-driven biodiversity losses in the Himalaya. 相似文献
110.
The genome sequence of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 revealed four Open reading frame (ORF) encoding putative inositol monophosphatase or inositol monophosphatase-like
proteins. One of the ORFs, sll1383, is ∼870 base pair long and has been assigned as a probable myo-inositol 1 (or 4) monophosphatase (IMPase; EC 3.1.3.25). IMPase is the second enzyme in the inositol biosynthesis pathway
and catalyses the conversion of L-myo-inositol 1-phosphate to free myo-inositol. The present work describes the functional assignment of ORF sll1383 as myo-inositol 1-phosphate phosphatase (IMPase) through molecular cloning, bacterial overexpression, purification and biochemical
characterization of the gene product. Affinity (K
m) of the recombinant protein for the substrate DL-myo-inositol 1-phosphate was found to be much higher (0.0034 ± 0.0003 mM) compared to IMPase(s) from other sources but in comparison
V
max (∼0.033 μmol Pi/min/mg protein) was low. Li+ was found to be an inhibitor (IC50 6.0 mM) of this enzyme, other monovalent metal ions (e.g. Na+, K+ NH4+) having no significant effect on the enzyme activity. Like other IMPase(s), the activity of this enzyme was found to be totally
Mg2+ dependent, which can be substituted partially by Mn2+. However, unlike other IMPase(s), the enzyme is optimally active at ∼42°C. To the best of our knowledge, sll1383 encoded
IMPase has the highest substrate affinity and specificity amongst the known examples from other prokaryotic sources. A possible
application of this recombinant protein in the enzymatic coupled assay of L-myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase (MIPS) is discussed. 相似文献