Role of AT1 receptors and NAD(P)H oxidase in diabetes-aggravated ischemic brain injury

The objective of the present study was to examine the role of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT(1)-R) in the diabetes-aggravated oxidative stress and brain injury observed in a rat model of combined diabetes and focal cerebral ischemia. Diabetes was induced by an injection of streptozotoxin (STZ; 55 mg/kg iv) at 8 wk of age. Two weeks after the induction of diabetes, some animals received continuous subcutaneous infusion of the AT(1)-R antagonist candesartan (0.5 mg.kg(-1).day(-1)) for 14 days. Focal cerebral ischemia, induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO), was conducted at 4 wk after STZ injection. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 189) were divided into five groups: normal control, diabetes, MCAO, diabetes + MCAO, and diabetes + MCAO + candesartan. The major observations were that 1) MCAO produced typical cerebral infarction and neurological deficits at 24 h that were accompanied by elevation of NAD(P)H oxidase gp91(phox) and p22(phox) mRNAs, and lipid hydroperoxide production in the ipsilateral hemisphere; 2) diabetes enhanced NAD(P)H oxidase gp91(phox) and p22(phox) mRNA expression, potentiated lipid peroxidation, aggravated neurological deficits, and enlarged cerebral infarction; and 3) candesartan reduced the expression of gp91(phox) and p22(phox), decreased lipid peroxidation, lessened cerebral infarction, and improved the neurological outcome. We conclude that diabetes exaggerates the oxidative stress, NAD(P)H oxidase induction, and brain injury induced by focal cerebral ischemia. The diabetes-aggravated brain injury involves AT(1)-Rs. We have shown for the first time that candesartan reduces brain injury in a combined model of diabetes and cerebral ischemia.     

Characterization of an Aspergillus oryzae cysteinyl dipeptidase expressed in Escherichia coli

Cysteinyl dipeptidase from Aspergillus oryzae (CdpA) was produced in Escherichia coli and purified. The enzyme showed activity specific toward cysteine-containing dipeptides, but its substrate specificity was distinct from those of other cysteinyl dipeptidases of the M20 family. It was optimally active at pH 7-8 and stable at pH 6-9 and at up to 40 °C.     

Sequential expression of Efhc1/myoclonin1 in choroid plexus and ependymal cell cilia

EFHC1 is a gene mutated in patients with idiopathic epilepsies, and encodes the myoclonin1 protein. We here report the distribution of myoclonin1 in mouse. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that the myoclonin1 first appeared at the roof of hindbrain at embryonic day 10 (E10), and moved on to choroid plexus at E14. At E18, it moved to ventricle walls and disappeared from choroid plexus. From neonatal to adult stages, myoclonin1 was concentrated in the cilia of ependymal cells at ventricle walls. At adult stages, myoclonin1 expression was also observed at tracheal epithelial cilia in lung and at sperm flagella in testis. Specificities of these immunohistochemical signals were verified by using Efhc1-deficient mice as negative controls. Results of Efhc1 mRNA in situ hybridization were also consistent with the immunohistochemical observations. Our findings raise “choroid plexusopathy” or “ciliopathy” as intriguing candidate cascades for the molecular pathology of epilepsies caused by the EFHC1 mutations.     

Study of pharmacological effects of nilvadipine on RCS rat retinal degeneration by microarray analysis

In our recent study, we found that the Ca(2+) antagonist, nilvadipine caused significant preservation of photoreceptor cells in The Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats [Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 43 (2002) 919]. Here, to elucidate the mechanisms of nilvadipine-induced effects we analyzed altered gene expression of 1101 genes commonly expressed in rodent by DNA microarray analysis in the retinas of nilvadipine-treated and untreated RCS rats and SD rat. In the total number of genes, the expression of 30 genes was altered upon administration of nilvadipine to RCS rats, including several genes related to the apoptotic pathway and other mechanisms. Remarkably, neurotrophic factors, FGF-2 and Arc, known to suppress the apoptosis in the central nervous system, were up-regulated. These changes were also confirmed by real-time quantitative (Taqman) RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Therefore, our present data suggested that administration of nilvadipine to RCS rats increases the expression of endogenous FGF-2 and Arc in retina, and potentially has a protective effect against retinal degeneration.     

Evidence that the PsbK polypeptide is associated with the photosystem II core antenna complex CP43

PsbK is encoded by the chloroplast psbK gene and is one of the small polypeptides of photosystem II (PSII). This polypeptide is required for accumulation of the PSII complex. In the present study, we generated an antibody against recombinant mature PsbK of Chlamydomonas and used it in Western blots to localize PsbK in the PSII core complex. PsbK was found in the thylakoid membranes, and purification of the PSII core complex from detergent-solubilized thylakoid membranes showed that PsbK is tightly associated with the PSII core complex. We used potassium thiocyanate to separate PSII into subcore complexes, including the D1/D2/cytochrome b559 reaction center complex, CP47, and CP43, and we found that PsbK co-purifies with one of the core antenna complexes, CP43, during ion exchange chromatography. Subsequent gel filtration chromatography of the purified CP43 confirmed that PsbK is tightly associated with CP43. Steady-state levels of PsbK were also determined in Chlamydomonas mutants expressing various levels of PSII. Quantitative Western blotting revealed that the levels of PsbK in these mutants are approximately equal to those of CP43, suggesting that PsbK is stable only when associated with CP43 in the chloroplast. Together, our results indicate that PsbK is an integral part of the PSII complex and may participate in the assembly and stability of the PSII complex.     

Related expression of MyoD and Myf5 with myosin heavy chain isoform types in bovine adult skeletal muscles

Skeletal muscles are characterized as fast and slow muscles, according to the expression pattern of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms in the muscle fibers. To investigate the relationships between MyHC isoforms and myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) including MyoD, Myf5, myogenin, and MRF4 in adult skeletal muscles, expressions of these MRFs in the ten muscles of three cows were analyzed by a semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The results showed that MyoD expression was significantly lower in the lingual muscles (TN), masseter (MS) and diaphragm (DP), which lack MyHC-2x (fast glycolytic) expression and abound with MyHC-slow (slow oxidative) and/or MyHC-2a (fast oxidative), than it was in the pectoralis (PP), psoas major (PM), longissimus thoracis (LT), spinnalis (SP), semitendinosus (ST), semimembranosus (SM), and biceps femoris (BF). In contrast, the Myf5 expression in TN, MS, and DP was significantly higher than in PM, LT, ST, SM, and BF. No significant difference was observed in myogenin and MRF4 expression among the muscles tested. The results suggest that MyoD and Myf5 influence the MyHC isoform expression, although the effects are not decisive in specifying the phenotypes of adult muscles.     

Organization of extracellular matrix components during differentiation of adipocytes in long-term culture

Summary Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation showed that fully differentiated spherical adipocytes were embraced by a network of collagens and fibroblastic preadipocytes. The properties of both the collagen networks and the preadipocytes allow the adipocytes to be interconnected, forming a fat-cell cluster, which can anchor to the bottom of a culture dish. In this network structure, collagen fibrils and fibrillar bundles were closely arranged and stratified. We found that immunostained collagens appeared to form extracellular network structures, which can be observed by SEM. The extracellular network of fibronectin was the first to develop among the extracellular matrix (ECM) components, though it became degraded with the progress of adipocyte differentiation. The type I collagen network was the last to develop and remained well organized through the late stage of adipocyte differentiation. The extracellular networks of type III, V, and VI collagen developed by the mid-stage and remained in the late stage of adipocyte differentiation. The network structures of type IV collagen and laminin became degraded during the differentiation process and localized at the surface of spherical cells. In addition to these basement membrane components, types III, V, and VI collagens also showed pericellular spherical staining patterns. These results demonstrated that the constitution and distribution of the ECM are altered during adipocyte differentiation, suggesting that the organization of each ECM component into a suitable structure is a requirement for the differentiation and maintenance of unilocular adipocytes.