全文获取类型
收费全文 | 244888篇 |
免费 | 22532篇 |
国内免费 | 253篇 |
出版年
2018年 | 2635篇 |
2017年 | 2580篇 |
2016年 | 3430篇 |
2015年 | 3659篇 |
2014年 | 4580篇 |
2013年 | 6554篇 |
2012年 | 7207篇 |
2011年 | 7908篇 |
2010年 | 5385篇 |
2009年 | 4789篇 |
2008年 | 6876篇 |
2007年 | 7085篇 |
2006年 | 6716篇 |
2005年 | 6415篇 |
2004年 | 6318篇 |
2003年 | 6154篇 |
2002年 | 6016篇 |
2001年 | 12011篇 |
2000年 | 11965篇 |
1999年 | 9146篇 |
1998年 | 2671篇 |
1997年 | 2743篇 |
1996年 | 2695篇 |
1995年 | 2476篇 |
1994年 | 2423篇 |
1993年 | 2317篇 |
1992年 | 7177篇 |
1991年 | 6979篇 |
1990年 | 7057篇 |
1989年 | 6844篇 |
1988年 | 6355篇 |
1987年 | 6009篇 |
1986年 | 5353篇 |
1985年 | 5661篇 |
1984年 | 4462篇 |
1983年 | 3861篇 |
1982年 | 2670篇 |
1981年 | 2493篇 |
1980年 | 2303篇 |
1979年 | 4107篇 |
1978年 | 3134篇 |
1977年 | 2881篇 |
1976年 | 2826篇 |
1975年 | 3268篇 |
1974年 | 3496篇 |
1973年 | 3524篇 |
1972年 | 3058篇 |
1971年 | 2842篇 |
1970年 | 2531篇 |
1969年 | 2299篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
251.
252.
Existing approaches that quantify cytotoxic T cell responses rely on bulk or surrogate measurements which impede the direct identification of single activated T cells of interest. Single cell microscopy or flow cytometry methodologies typically rely on fluorescent labeling, which limits applicability to primary cells such as human derived T lymphocytes. Here, we introduce a quantitative method to track single T lymphocyte mediated cytotoxic events within a mixed population of cells using live cell interferometry (LCI), a label-free microscopy technique that maintains cell viability. LCI quantifies the mass distribution within individual cells by measuring the phase shift caused by the interaction of light with intracellular biomass. Using LCI, we imaged cytotoxic T cells killing cognate target cells. In addition to a characteristic target cell mass decrease of 20–60% over 1–4 h following attack by a T cell, there was a significant 4-fold increase in T cell mass accumulation rate at the start of the cytotoxic event and a 2–3 fold increase in T cell mass relative to the mass of unresponsive T cells. Direct, label-free measurement of CD8+ T and target cell mass changes provides a kinetic, quantitative assessment of T cell activation and a relatively rapid approach to identify specific, activated patient-derived T cells for applications in cancer immunotherapy. 相似文献
253.
254.
255.
R B Widelitz T X Jiang C W Chen N S Stott H S Jung C M Chuong 《Development (Cambridge, England)》1999,126(12):2577-2587
How do vertebrate epithelial appendages form from the flat epithelia? Following the formation of feather placodes, the previously radially symmetrical primordia become anterior-posterior (A-P) asymmetrical and develop a proximo-distal (P-D) axis. Analysis of the molecular heterogeneity revealed a surprising parallel of molecular profiles in the A-P feather buds and the ventral-dorsal (V-D) Drosophila appendage imaginal discs. The functional significance was tested with an in vitro feather reconstitution model. Wnt-7a expression initiated all over the feather tract epithelium, intensifying as it became restricted first to the primordia domain, then to an accentuated ring pattern within the primordia border, and finally to the posterior bud. In contrast, sonic hedgehog expression was induced later as a dot within the primordia. RCAS was used to overexpress Wnt-7a in reconstituted feather explants derived from stage 29 dorsal skin to further test its function in feather formation. Control skin formed normal elongated, slender buds with A-P orientation, but Wnt-7a overexpression led to plateau-like skin appendages lacking an A-P axis. Feathers in the Wnt-7a overexpressing skin also had inhibited elongation of the P-D axes. This was not due to a lack of cell proliferation, which actually was increased although randomly distributed. While morphogenesis was perturbed, differentiation proceeded as indicated by the formation of barb ridges. Wnt-7a buds have reduced expression of anterior (Tenascin) bud markers. Middle (Notch-1) and posterior bud markers including Delta-1 and Serrate-1 were diffusely expressed. The results showed that ectopic Wnt-7a expression enhanced properties characteristic of the middle and posterior feather buds and suggest that P-D elongation of vertebrate skin appendages requires balanced interactions between the anterior and posterior buds. 相似文献
256.
A N Palmisano J R Winton W W Dickhoff 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》1999,258(3):784-791
We cloned and sequenced a chinook salmon Hsp90 cDNA; sequence analysis shows it to be Hsp90alpha. Phylogenetic analysis supports the hypothesis that alpha and beta paralogs of Hsp90 arose as a result of a gene duplication event and that they diverged early in the evolution of vertebrates, before tetrapods separated from the teleost lineage. Among several differences distinguishing poikilothermic Hsp90alpha sequences from their bird and mammal orthologs, the teleost versions specifically lack a characteristic QTQDQP phosphorylation site near the N-terminus. We used the cDNA to develop an RNA (Northern) blot to quantify cellular Hsp90 mRNA levels. Chinook salmon embryonic (CHSE-214) cells responded to heat shock with a rapid rise in Hsp90 mRNA through 4 h, followed by a gradual decline over the next 20 h. Hsp90 mRNA level may be useful as a stress indicator, especially in a laboratory setting or in response to acute heat stress. 相似文献
257.
N. Jepsen 《Journal of fish biology》2003,63(1):260-262
Radio-tagged pikeperch Stizostedion lucioperca (55–74 cm L T ) were recaptured in a reservoir by anglers 52–55 months after tagging. A total of four fish were recaptured during the summer of 2001. These recaptures are remarkable because of the long period between tagging and recapture and because only one (of 15 potential) tagged pikeperch had been caught in the long period since tagging. 相似文献
258.
259.
Activities of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase-I were examined in the presence of the anti-tumor drug cis-diaminedichloroplatinum(II) and its inactive geometric isomer trans-diaminedichloroplatinum(II). The trans-isomer did not inhibit the enzyme activity. The anti-tumor drug, on the other hand, retarded the enzyme in its ability to extend the primer strand of DNA. Two alternative mechanisms of inhibition, covalent binding of cis-diaminedichloroplatinum(II) to the polymerase and to the template DNA, were explored. Selective preincubations of the platinum drug with the polymerase and DNA reveal that the inhibition is primarily due to covalent binding to the enzyme. The rates of inhibition were found to be first order in enzyme and zeroth order in platinum in the concentration range 0.05-3.0 mM. A mechanism that deals with the formation of an initial platinum-polymerase-I complex with a binding constant > 10(5) M(-1) followed by a further reaction to form an inhibitory complex is consistent with the kinetic data. The rate limiting first order rate constant for the formation of the inhibitory complex is comparable to that observed for the thiol coordination of peptides containing cysteine residues. Analyses of known structures and functions of catalytic domains of various polymerases point to the direction that the inhibition is perhaps due to the distortion of the DNA binding domain of the enzyme due to platinum coordination. 相似文献
260.