Alterations in osteoclast morphology following long-term 17beta-estradiol administration in the mouse

Background  

Although the role of the osteoclast in bone resorption is becoming better understood, much remains to be learned about osteoclastogenesis and the exact mechanism of action of anti-resorbing agents such as 17β-estradiol. This study investigated bone and morphologic osteoclast alterations following long-term estrogen administration to the B6D2F1 mouse. B6D2F1 mice aged 4-5 weeks were exposed to high levels of estrogen via implanted silastic tubing for at least 12 weeks; controls received empty tubing. Femurs of control and treated mice were assessed with radiology, quantitative histomorphometry and transmission electron microscopy.     

Reversible thermal denaturation of a 60-kDa genetically engineered beta-sheet polypeptide

A de novo 687-amino-acid residue polypeptide with a regular 32-amino-acid repeat sequence, (GA)₃GY(GA)₃GE(GA)₃GH(GA)₃GK, forms large β-sheet assemblages that exhibit remarkable folding properties and, as well, form fibrillar structures. This construct is an excellent tool to explore the details of β-sheet formation yielding intimate folding information that is otherwise difficult to obtain and may inform folding studies of naturally occurring materials. The polypeptide assumes a fully folded antiparallel β-sheet/turn structure at room temperature, and yet is completely and reversibly denatured at 125°C, adopting a predominant polyproline II conformation. Deep ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy indicated that melting/refolding occurred without any spectroscopically distinct intermediates, yet the relaxation kinetics depend on the initial polypeptide state, as would be indicative of a non-two-state process. Thermal denaturation and refolding on cooling appeared to be monoexponential with characteristic times of ~1 and ~60 min, respectively, indicating no detectable formation of hairpin-type nuclei in the millisecond timescale that could be attributed to nonlocal “nonnative” interactions. The polypeptide folding dynamics agree with a general property of β-sheet proteins, i.e., initial collapse precedes secondary structure formation. The observed folding is much faster than expected for a protein of this size and could be attributed to a less frustrated free-energy landscape funnel for folding. The polypeptide sequence suggests an important balance between the absence of strong nonnative contacts (salt bridges or hydrophobic collapse) and limited repulsion of charged side chains.     

Visualization of early chromosome condensation: a hierarchical folding, axial glue model of chromosome structure

Current models of mitotic chromosome structure are based largely on the examination of maximally condensed metaphase chromosomes. Here, we test these models by correlating the distribution of two scaffold components with the appearance of prophase chromosome folding intermediates. We confirm an axial distribution of topoisomerase IIalpha and the condensin subunit, structural maintenance of chromosomes 2 (SMC2), in unextracted metaphase chromosomes, with SMC2 localizing to a 150-200-nm-diameter central core. In contrast to predictions of radial loop/scaffold models, this axial distribution does not appear until late prophase, after formation of uniformly condensed middle prophase chromosomes. Instead, SMC2 associates throughout early and middle prophase chromatids, frequently forming foci over the chromosome exterior. Early prophase condensation occurs through folding of large-scale chromatin fibers into condensed masses. These resolve into linear, 200-300-nm-diameter middle prophase chromatids that double in diameter by late prophase. We propose a unified model of chromosome structure in which hierarchical levels of chromatin folding are stabilized late in mitosis by an axial "glue."     

Genetic variation in C57BL/6 ES cell lines and genetic instability in the Bruce4 C57BL/6 ES cell line

Genetically modified mouse strains derived from embryonic stem (ES) cells are powerful tools for gene function analysis. ES cells from the C57BL/6 mouse strain are not widely used to generate mouse models despite the advantage of a defined genetic background. We assessed genetic variation in six such ES cell lines with 275 SSLP markers. Compared to C57BL/6, Bruce4 differed at 34 SSLP markers and had significant heterozygosity on three chromosomes. BL/6#3 and Dale1 ES cell lines differed at only 3 SSLP makers. The C2 and WB6d ES cell lines differed at 6 SSLP markers. It is important to compare the efficiency of producing mouse models with available C57BL/6 ES cells relative to standard 129 mouse strain ES cells. We assessed genetic stability (the tendency of cells to become aneuploid) in 110 gene-targeted ES cell clones from the most widely used C57BL/6 ES cell line, Bruce4, and 710 targeted 129 ES cell clones. Bruce4 clones were more likely to be aneuploid and unsuitable for ES cell-mouse chimera production. Despite their tendency to aneuploidy and consequent inefficiency, use of Bruce4 ES cells can be valuable for models requiring behavioral studies and other mouse models that benefit from a defined C57BL/6 background. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Structural analysis of an Echinococcus granulosus actin-fragmenting protein by small-angle x-ray scattering studies and molecular modeling

The Echinococcus granulosus actin filament-fragmenting protein (EgAFFP) is a three domain member of the gelsolin family of proteins, which is antigenic to human hosts. These proteins, formed by three or six conserved domains, are involved in the dynamic rearrangements of the cytoskeleton, being responsible for severing and capping actin filaments and promoting nucleation of actin monomers. Various structures of six domain gelsolin-related proteins have been investigated, but little information on the structure of three domain members is available. In this work, the solution structure of the three domain EgAFFP has been investigated through small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) studies. EgAFFP exhibits an elongated molecular shape. The radius of gyration and the maximum dimension obtained by SAXS were, respectively, 2.52 +/- 0.01 nm and 8.00 +/- 1.00 nm, both in the absence and presence of Ca2+. Two different molecular homology models were built for EgAFFP, but only one was validated through SAXS studies. The predicted structure for EgAFFP consists of three repeats of a central beta-sheet sandwiched between one short and one long alpha-helix. Possible implications of the structure of EgAFFP upon actin binding are discussed.     

Effect of oxygen on ubiquinone-10 production by Paracoccus denitrificans

Summary Ubiquinone-10 (Q₁₀) production was measured in batch cultures of Paracoccus denitrificans grown for 8 h at increasing oxygen concentrations (0–21 % O₂ in the sparging gas). Whereas the cellular level of Q₁₀ decreased monotonically from 1.2 to 0.5 mol/g d.w., the total yield of Q₁₀ was maximal at 2.5 % O₂ and amounted to 350 nmol (0.3 mg) per L of culture.     

Pathological Changes in Pulmonary Circulation in Carbon Tetrachloride (ccl4)-Induced Cirrhotic Mice

Rationale

Lack of an experimental model of portopulmonary hypertension (POPH) has been a major obstacle in understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the disease.

Objective

We investigated the effects of CCl₄-mediated cirrhosis on the pulmonary vasculature, as an initial step towards an improved understanding of POPH.

Methods And Results

Male C57BL/6 mice received intraperitoneal injection of either sterile olive oil or CCl₄ 3 times/week for 12 weeks. Cirrhosis and portal hypertension were confirmed by evidence of bridging fibrosis and nodule formation in CCl₄-treated liver determined by trichrome/picrosirius red staining and an increase in spleen weight/body weight ratio, respectively. Staining for the oxidative stress marker, 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), was strong in the liver but was absent in the lung, suggesting that CCl₄ did not directly induce oxidative injury in the lung. Pulmonary acceleration time (PAT) and the ratio of PAT/pulmonary ejection time (PET) measured by echocardiography were significantly decreased in cirrhotic mice. Increase in right ventricle (RV) weight/body weight as well as in the weight ratio of RV/(left ventricle + septum) further demonstrated the presence of pathological changes in the pulmonary circulation in these mice. Histological examination revealed that lungs of cirrhotic mice have excessive accumulation of perivascular collagen and thickening of the media of the pulmonary artery.

Conclusion

Collectively, our data demonstrate that chronic CCl₄ treatment induces pathological changes in pulmonary circulation in cirrhotic mice. We propose that this murine cirrhotic model provides an exceptional tool for future studies of the molecular mechanisms mediating pulmonary vascular diseases associated with cirrhosis and for evaluation of novel therapeutic interventions.     

From clinical specimens to human cancer preclinical models—a journey the NCI-cell line database—25 years later

The intramural the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and more recently the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center with many different collaborators comprised a complex, multi-disciplinary team that collaborated to generated large, comprehensively annotated, cell-line related research resources which includes associated clinical, and molecular characterization data. This material has been shared in an anonymized fashion to accelerate progress in overcoming lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer death across the world. However, this cell line collection also includes a range of other cancers derived from patient-donated specimens that have been remarkably valuable for other types of cancer and disease research. A comprehensive analysis conducted by the NCI Center for Research Strategy of the 278 cell lines reported in the original Journal of Cellular Biochemistry Supplement, documents that these cell lines and related products have since been used in more than 14 000 grants, and 33 207 published scientific reports. This has resulted in over 1.2 million citations using at least one cell line. Many publications involve the use of more than one cell line, to understand the value of the resource collectively rather than individually; this method has resulted in 2.9 million citations. In addition, these cell lines have been linked to 422 clinical trials and cited by 4700 patents through publications. For lung cancer alone, the cell lines have been used in the research cited in the development of over 70 National Comprehensive Cancer Network clinical guidelines. Finally, it must be underscored again, that patient altruism enabled the availability of this invaluable research resource.     

Enterocin M-Producing Enterococcus faecium CCM 8558 Demonstrating Probiotic Properties in Horses

The effects of non-authochtonous Enterococcus faecium AL41 = CCM 8558, enterocin M-producing and probiotic strain were tested on the microbiota, phagocytic activity, hydrolytic enzymes, biochemical parameters and dry matter in horses based on its previous benefits demonstrated in other animals. E. faecium CCM 8558 sufficiently colonized the digestive tract of horses. At day 14, its counts reached 2.35 ± 0.70 CFU/g (log 10) on average. The identity of CCM 8558 was confirmed by means of PCR after its re-isolation from horse faeces. The inhibition activity of CCM 8558 was demonstrated against Gram-negative aeromonads, counts of which were significantly reduced (P < 0.001). After 14 days application of CCM 8558, a tendency towards increased phagocytic activity (PA) was measured; PA value was 73.13% ± 8.55 on average at day 0/1; at day 14, it was 75.11 ± 8.66%. Cellulolytic, xylanolytic and pectinolytic activity in horse faeces was significantly increased (P < 0.001) at day 14 (after CCM 8558 application) and amylolytic activity as well (P < 0.01) compared to day 0/1. Inulolytic activity increased with mathematical difference 1.378. Dry matter value reached 20.81 ± 2.29% on average at day 0/1; at day 14, it was 20.77 ± 2.59% (P = 0.9725). Biochemical parameters were influenced mostly in the physiological range. These results achieved after application of CCM 8558 in horses are original, giving us further opportunity to continue these studies, to measure additional parameters and to show the benefits of CCM 8558 application in horses.

     

Beyond the river: underlying determinants of population acoustic signal variability in Amazonian direct-developing Allobates (Anura: Dendrobatoidea)

The multidimensional nature of animal signals makes acoustic traits potentially subject to different determinants. The Amazonian frogs Allobates nidicola and Allobates masniger have an allopatric distribution, occurring along the left and right sides of the Madeira River, respectively. These are two sister, phenotypically similar species whose eggs are deposited and develop entirely in a terrestrial nest. In this study, we analyzed 2,000 advertisement calls recorded from ten localities across Central Amazonia, in order to understand the role of determinants of acoustic signal variability at the population and species levels. We assessed, through nested analyses of variance, the differentiation of six characters of this sexual signal among populations and between interfluves. Moreover, we measured the degree of variability and the extent of temperature- and body size-induced plasticity in call traits. We also tested for isolation-by-distance effects in phenotypic differentiation through Mantel tests. Coefficients of variation were higher among than within populations for all call measurements. Spectral call properties were more distinctive than temporal traits among populations and species. Advertisement call traits showed strong temperature-induced plasticity (e.g., 45?% of the variation in note duration). In contrast, the effects of body size were restricted to frequency-related characters. The river barrier effect was significant among all the acoustic variables analyzed even after controlling for male body size. Geography (sampling locality) and body size also jointly affected call variability. No correlation between geographical and acoustic distances among populations was observed, suggesting that local stabilizing selective pressures have an important role in the evolution of call differentiation.