人类蛋白质相互作用组

高通量酵母双杂交与免疫亲和纯化技术的快速发展和日臻成熟,使得在蛋白质组水平上大规模地研究蛋白质之间的相互作用成为可能。目前,人类蛋白质互作网络在细胞、组织、器官乃至整个个体水平的研究已经陆续展开。蛋白质互作网络中蛋白质数量也由少数几个向整个蛋白质组扩展。同时,功能、疾病、生态等相关的蛋白质互作网络研究也取得了一定的成果。然而,人类的蛋白质互作网络研究正面临着一些问题和挑战。本文综述了人类蛋白质互作网络的研究方法、研究进展以及面临的挑战,同时指出了人类蛋白质互作网络研究的方向和目标。     

基于简并引物同步克隆两个红麻PDIL同源基因cDNA5'-末端序列

探索利用同一套简并引物结合通用引物同步扩增两个红麻PDIL同源基因的cDNA5’-末端序列,以期为同一转录组中两个旁系同源基因cDNA5' RACE的同步扩增提供借鉴.通过红麻HcPDIL5-2a和HcPDIL5-2b cDNA中间片段及3’-末端已知序列的比时,在其完全保守区段设计了一条引物用于两个基因5' RACE的共反转录;在其部分保守区段设计了两条简并引物,并利用其在两个基因的5'RACE扩增时退火温度的差异,结合通用引物巢式PCR同步扩增两个基因的cDNA 5 ’-末端未知序列.在两个基因全长cDNA拼接序列的基础上设计两对特异引物分别扩增它们的cDNA全长序列,测序结果进一步验证了序列拼接和cDNA 5' RACE同步扩增的可靠性.进化分析证实两个基因属于PDIL基因家族成员.     

Therapeutic potential of α,β‐thujone through metabolic reprogramming and caspase‐dependent apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells

The therapeutic potential of α,β‐thujone, a functional compound found in many medicinal plants of the Cupressaceae, Asteraceae, and Lamiaceae families, has been demonstrated, including in inflammation and cancers. However, its pharmacological functions and mechanisms of action in ovarian cancer remain unclear. We investigated the anticancer properties of α,β‐thujone in ES2 and OV90 human ovarian cancer cells and its effect on sensitization to cisplatin. α,β‐thujone inhibited cancer cell proliferation and induced cell death through caspase‐dependent intrinsic apoptotic pathways. Moreover, α,β‐thujone‐mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress was associated with the loss of mitochondrial functions and altered metabolic landscape of ovarian cancer cells. α,β‐Thujone attenuated blood vessel formation in transgenic zebrafish, implying it has significant antiangiogenic potential. In addition, α,β‐thujone sensitized ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin, causing synergistic pharmacological effects. Collectively, our results suggest that α,β‐thujone has therapeutic potential in human ovarian cancer and functions via regulating multiple intracellular stress‐associated metabolic reprogramming and caspase‐dependent apoptotic pathways.     

Relationship Between β-Amyloid and Mitochondrial Dynamics

Mitochondria as dynamic organelles undergo morphological changes through the processes of fission and fusion which are major factors regulating their functions. A disruption in the balance of mitochondrial dynamics induces functional disorders in mitochondria such as failed energy production and the generation of reactive oxygen species, which are closely related to pathophysiological changes associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent studies have demonstrated a relationship between abnormalities in mitochondrial dynamics and impaired mitochondrial function, clarifying the effects of morphofunctional aberrations which promote neuronal cell death in AD. Several possible signaling pathways have been suggested for a better understanding of the mechanism behind the key molecules regulating mitochondrial morphologies. However, the exact machinery involved in mitochondrial dynamics still has yet to be elucidated. This paper reviews the current knowledge on signaling mechanisms involved in mitochondrial dynamics and the significance of mitochondrial dynamics in controlling associated functions in neurodegenerative diseases, particularly in AD.     

云南阳宗海酵母菌种群结构及产胞外酶测试北大核心CSCD

【目的】研究阳宗海酵母菌种群结构,分析生物因子及非生物因子对酵母菌种群分布的影响;测试阳宗海酵母菌产胞外酶活性。【方法】水样用醋酸纤维素滤膜过滤,原位培养分离酵母菌;梯度稀释法分离土样和底泥样品;对分离得到的菌株进行DNA提取和测序,分析26S rDNA的D1/D2区域,并结合形态及生理生化指标进行鉴定;用产酶筛选培养基对分离得到的酵母菌进行产胞外酶活性测试。【结果】共分离得到201株酵母菌,鉴定分属于15个属48个种,其中包括10个潜在的新种;普鲁兰类酵母(Aureobasidium pullulans),库德里阿兹威氏毕赤酵母(Pichia kudriavzevii),胶红酵母(Rhodotorula mucilaginosa),Cryptococcus podzolicus是优势种;15.9%的酵母菌具有产胞外酶活性,主要是脂肪酶和淀粉酶。【结论】阳宗海酵母菌有较为丰富的多样性,人为活动对阳宗海酵母菌分布影响较大,其次浊度、电导率也是影响酵母菌种群分布的重要因素;阳宗海产胞外酶酵母菌可能参与湖泊生态系统的自然循环。     

I-κBα depletion by transglutaminase 2 and μ-calpain occurs in parallel with the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway

Transglutaminase 2 (TGase2) is a calcium-dependent, cross-linking enzyme that catalyzes iso-peptide bond formation between peptide-bound lysine and glutamine residues. TGase 2 can activate NF-κB through the polymerization-mediated depletion of I-κBα without IKK activation. This NF-κB activation mechanism is associated with drug resistance in cancer cells. However, the polymers cannot be detected in cells, while TGase 2 over-expression depletes free I-κBα, which raises the question of how the polymerized I-κBα can be metabolized in cells. Among proteasome, lysosome and calpain systems, calpain inhibition was found to effectively increase the accumulation of I-κBα polymers in MCF7 cells transfected with TGase 2, and induced high levels of I-κBα polymers as well in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells that naturally express a high level of TGase 2. Inhibition of calpain also boosted the level of I-κBα polymers in HEK-293 cells in case of TGase 2 transfection either with I-κBα or I-κBα mutant (S32A, S36A). Interestingly, the combined inhibition of calpain and the proteasome resulted in an increased accumulation of both I-κBα polymers and I-κBα, concurrent with an inhibition of NF-κB activity in MDA-MB-231 cells. This suggests that μ-calpain proteasome-dependent I-κBα polymer degradation may contribute to cancer progression through constitutive NF-κB activation.     

Mitochondrial membrane potential regulates PINK1 import and proteolytic destabilization by PARL

PINK1 is a mitochondrial kinase mutated in some familial cases of Parkinson's disease. It has been found to work in the same pathway as the E3 ligase Parkin in the maintenance of flight muscles and dopaminergic neurons in Drosophila melanogaster and to recruit cytosolic Parkin to mitochondria to mediate mitophagy in mammalian cells. Although PINK1 has a predicted mitochondrial import sequence, its cellular and submitochondrial localization remains unclear in part because it is rapidly degraded. In this study, we report that the mitochondrial inner membrane rhomboid protease presenilin-associated rhomboid-like protein (PARL) mediates cleavage of PINK1 dependent on mitochondrial membrane potential. In the absence of PARL, the constitutive degradation of PINK1 is inhibited, stabilizing a 60-kD form inside mitochondria. When mitochondrial membrane potential is dissipated, PINK1 accumulates as a 63-kD full-length form on the outer mitochondrial membrane, where it can recruit Parkin to impaired mitochondria. Thus, differential localization to the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes appears to regulate PINK1 stability and function.     

侗族九个红细胞血型系统和ABH分泌型的分布

报道了广西侗族的ABO、MNSs、Rhesus、Duffy、Kidd、P、Diego、Lewis和Xg等九种红细胞血型系统和ABH唾液分泌型的分布。共调查了201名父母均系侗族而彼此无血缘的学生,其中男116名,女85名。结果表明,广西侗族中ABO系统的r基因(0.6286)、MN系统的m基因(0.6294)、Duffy系统的Fy~a基因(0.9651)、Kidd系统的JK~a基因(0.4628)和Rhesus系统的CDe染色体(0.7532)等频率都很高,ABO系统的q基因(0.1672)、P系统的P_1基因(0.1333)和Lewis系统的Le~a基因(0.3232)等频率较低。MNSs系统的S基因(0.0124)频率很低,而MS染色体连锁率却为零。Xg系统的Xg~a基因频率(0.3746)与汉族和维吾尔族一样,处于低水平。Lewis系统的Le(a )表型者中发现八例是ABH唾液分泌型,但分泌的物质不是A便是B,而分泌H物质的唾液分泌型者全部都是Le(a-)型。六个民族间遗传距离分析表明,侗族与壮族在血缘上最近,其次是与朝鲜族、蒙古族、汉族相近,而与维吾尔族最远。     

Suppression of thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC/CCL17) production by 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose via blockade of NF-κB and STAT1 activation in the HaCaT cells

Keratinocytes, one of major cell types in the skin, can be induced by TNF-α and IFN-γ to express thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC/CCL17), which is considered to be a pivotal mediator in the inflammatory responses during the development of inflammatory skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD). In this study, we examined the effect of 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose (PGG), isolated from the barks of Juglans mandshurica, on TNF-α/IFN-γ induced CCL17 expression in the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. Pretreatment of HaCaT cells with PGG suppressed TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced protein and mRNA expression of CCL17. PGG significantly inhibited TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced NF-κB activation as well as STAT1 activation. Furthermore, pretreatment with PGG resulted in significant reduction in expression of CXCL9, 10, and 11 in the HaCaT cells treated with IFN-γ. These results suggest that PGG may exert anti-inflammatory responses by suppressing TNF-α and/or IFN-γ-induced activation of NF-κB and STAT1 in the keratinocytes and might be a useful tool in therapy of skin inflammatory diseases.     

Metformin sensitizes insulin signaling through AMPK-mediated PTEN down-regulation in preadipocyte 3T3-L1 cells

Insulin resistance is the primary cause responsible for type 2 diabetes. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) plays a negative role in insulin signaling and its inhibition improves insulin sensitivity. Metformin is a widely used insulin-sensitizing drug; however, the mechanism by which metformin acts is poorly understood. To gain insight into the role of PTEN, we examined the effect of metformin on PTEN expression. Metformin suppressed the expression of PTEN in an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent manner in preadipocyte 3T3-L1 cells. Knock-down of PTEN potentiated the increase in insulin-mediated phosphorylation of Akt/ERK. Metformin also increased the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-c-Jun and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-p70S6 kinase pathways. Both pharmacologic inhibition and knock-down of AMPK blocked metformin-induced phosphorylation of JNK and mTOR. Knock-down of AMPK recovered the metformin-induced PTEN down-regulation, suggesting the involvement of AMPK in PTEN regulation. PTEN promoter activity was suppressed by metformin and inhibition of mTOR and JNK by pharmacologic inhibitors blocked metformin-induced PTEN promoter activity suppression. These findings provide evidence for a novel role of AMPK on PTEN expression and thus suggest a possible mechanism by which metformin may contribute to its beneficial effects on insulin signaling.