Taxonomic and phylogenetic placement of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nodulosphaeria</Emphasis>

Nodulosphaeria is a ubiquitous genus that comprises saprobic, endophytic and pathogenic species associated with a wide variety of substrates and has 64 species epithets listed in Index Fungorum. The classification of species in the genus has been a major challenge due to a lack of understanding of the importance of characters used to distinguish taxa, as well as the lack of reference strains. The present study clarifies the phylogenetic placement of the genus and related species, using fresh collections from Italy. Four Nodulosphaeria species are characterized based on multi-loci analyses of ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF and RPB2 sequence datasets. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that Nodulosphaeria species group within the family Phaeosphaeriaceae as a distinct genus. The sexual morphs of Nodulosphaeria hirta and N. spectabilis are described and illustrated using modern concepts. Two new Nodulosphaeria species are introduced. The phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy of the genus Nodulosphaeria are discussed, but further sampling with fresh collections, reference or ex-type strains and molecular data are needed to obtain a better and natural classification for the genus.     

The biosynthesis of gibberellic acids by the transformants of orchid-associated <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium oxysporum</Emphasis>

The genus Fusarium, including multiple strains in the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex (GFC), is well known for its production of diverse secondary metabolites. F. fujikuroi, associated with the “bakanae” disease of rice, is an active producer of gibberellins (GAs), a wide class of plant hormones. In addition to some members of the GFC, the GA biosynthetic gene cluster, or parts of it, occurs also in some isolates of the closely related species of F. oxysporum, which does not belong to the GFC. However, production of GAs has never been observed in any F. oxysporum strain. In this study, we report on the GA biosynthetic activity in an orchid-associated F. oxysporum strain by transforming a cosmid with the entire F. fujikuroi GA gene cluster. Southern and Northern blot analyses confirmed not only the integration of the entire gene cluster into the genome but also the active expression of the seven GA biosynthetic genes under nitrogen-limiting conditions. The transformants produced GAs at levels similar to those of F. fujikuroi. These data show that the regulatory network for expression of GA genes is fully active in the F. oxysporum background.     

New species and reports of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hypoxylon</Emphasis> from Argentina recognized by a polyphasic approach

A preliminary account of Hypoxylon species (Xylariaceae) from the hitherto widely unexplored “Yungas” mountain forests of Northwest Argentina is presented. Two new species are described based on extensive morphological, molecular (ITS region of rDNA, partial β-tubulin gene) and chemotaxonomic data. Hypoxylon spegazzinianum is close to H. erythrostroma, but differs by larger ascospores and a virgariella-like asexual morph. Hypoxylon calileguense resembles H. subgilvum when growing on wood, but can be distinguished by larger ascospores and a fawn to brick stromatal surface colour. Stromata found on bark have affinities to H. pelliculosum, but differ in their stromatal surface colour and conspicuous amyloid apical apparatus. In addition, nine taxa of Hypoxylon are reported for Argentina for the first time, and some details on their asexual state and stromatal secondary metabolites are reported. An updated dichotomous key for Hypoxylon species from Argentina is provided.     

The influence and biomechanical role of cartilage split line pattern on tibiofemoral cartilage stress distribution during the stance phase of gait

This study presents an evaluation of the role that cartilage fibre ‘split line’ orientation plays in informing femoral cartilage stress patterns. A two-stage model is presented consisting of a whole knee joint coupled to a tissue-level cartilage model for computational efficiency. The whole joint model may be easily customised to any MRI or CT geometry using free-form deformation. Three ‘split line’ patterns (medial–lateral, anterior–posterior and random) were implemented in a finite element model with constitutive properties referring to this ‘split line’ orientation as a finite element fibre field. The medial–lateral orientation was similar to anatomy and was derived from imaging studies. Model predictions showed that ‘split lines’ are formed along the line of maximum principal strains and may have a biomechanical role of protecting the cartilage by limiting the cartilage deformation to the area of higher cartilage thickness.     

Simulating uterine contraction by using an electro-chemo-mechanical model

Contractions of uterine smooth muscle cells consist of a chain of physiological processes. These contractions provide the required force to expel the fetus from the uterus. The inclusion of these physiological processes is, therefore, imperative when studying uterine contractions. In this study, an electro-chemo-mechanical model to replicate the excitation, activation, and contraction of uterine smooth muscle cells is developed. The presented modeling strategy enables efficient integration of knowledge about physiological processes at the cellular level to the organ level. The model is implemented in a three-dimensional finite element setting to simulate uterus contraction during labor in response to electrical discharges generated by pacemaker cells and propagated within the myometrium via gap junctions. Important clinical factors, such as uterine electrical activity and intrauterine pressure, are predicted using this simulation. The predictions are in agreement with clinically measured data reported in the literature. A parameter study is also carried out to investigate the impact of physiologically related parameters on the uterine contractility.     

Consideration of multiple load cases is critical in modelling orthotropic bone adaptation in the femur

Functional adaptation of the femur has been investigated in several studies by embedding bone remodelling algorithms in finite element (FE) models, with simplifications often made to the representation of bone’s material symmetry and mechanical environment. An orthotropic strain-driven adaptation algorithm is proposed in order to predict the femur’s volumetric material property distribution and directionality of its internal structures within a continuum. The algorithm was applied to a FE model of the femur, with muscles, ligaments and joints included explicitly. Multiple load cases representing distinct frames of two activities of daily living (walking and stair climbing) were considered. It is hypothesised that low shear moduli occur in areas of bone that are simply loaded and high shear moduli in areas subjected to complex loading conditions. In addition, it is investigated whether material properties of different femoral regions are stimulated by different activities. The loading and boundary conditions were considered to provide a physiological mechanical environment. The resulting volumetric material property distribution and directionalities agreed with ex vivo imaging data for the whole femur. Regions where non-orthogonal trabecular crossing has been documented coincided with higher values of predicted shear moduli. The topological influence of the different activities modelled was analysed. The influence of stair climbing on the properties of the femoral neck region is highlighted. It is recommended that multiple load cases should be considered when modelling bone adaptation. The orthotropic model of the complete femur is released with this study.     

Effects of aortic irregularities on blood flow

Anatomic aortic anomalies are seen in many medical conditions and are known to cause disturbances in blood flow. Turner syndrome (TS) is a genetic disorder occurring only in females where cardiovascular anomalies, particularly of the aorta, are frequently encountered. In this study, numerical simulations are applied to investigate the flow characteristics in four TS patient- related aortic arches (a normal geometry, dilatation, coarctation and elongation of the transverse aorta). The Quemada viscosity model was applied to account for the non-Newtonian behavior of blood. The blood is treated as a mixture consisting of water and red blood cells (RBC) where the RBCs are modeled as a convected scalar. The results show clear geometry effects where the flow structures and RBC distribution are significantly different between the aortas. Transitional flow is observed as a jet is formed due to a constriction in the descending aorta for the coarctation case. RBC dilution is found to vary between the aortas, influencing the WSS. Moreover, the local variations in RBC volume fraction may induce large viscosity variations, stressing the importance of accounting for the non-Newtonian effects.