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771.
Bartlett KH Cheng PY Duncan C Galanis E Hoang L Kidd S Lee MK Lester S MacDougall L Mak S Morshed M Taylor M Kronstad J 《Mycopathologia》2012,173(5-6):311-319
It has been over a decade since Cryptococcus gattii was first recognized as the causative organism of an outbreak of cryptococcosis on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. A number of novel observations have been associated with the study of this emergent pathogen. A novel genotype of C. gattii, VGIIa was described as the major genotype associated with clinical disease. Minor genotypes, VGIIb and VGI, are also responsible for disease in British Columbians, in both human and animal populations. The clinical major genotype VGIIa and minor genotype VGIIb are identical to C. gattii isolated from the environment of Vancouver Island. There is more heterogeneity in VGI, and a clear association with the environment is not apparent. Between 1999 and 2010, there have been 281 cases of C. gattii cryptococcosis. Risk factors for infection are reported to be age greater than 50 years, history of smoking, corticosteroid use, HIV infection, and history of cancer or chronic lung disease. The major C. gattii genotype VGIIa is as virulent in mice as the model Cryptococcus, H99 C. neoformans, although the outbreak strain produces a less protective inflammatory response in C57BL/6 mice. The minor genotype VGIIb is significantly less virulent in mouse models. Cryptococcus gattii is found associated with native trees and soil on Vancouver Island. Transiently positive isolations have been made from air and water. An ecological niche for this organism is associated within a limited biogeoclimatic zone characterized by daily average winter temperatures above freezing. 相似文献
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Tian M Herbert RD Hoang P Gandevia SC Bilston LE 《Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)》2012,113(4):517-523
The plantarflexors of the lower limb are often assumed to act as independent actuators, but the validity of this assumption is the subject of considerable debate. This study aims to determine the degree to which passive changes in gastrocnemius muscle length, induced by knee motion, affect the tension in the adjacent soleus muscle. A second aim is to quantify the magnitude of myofascial passive force transmission between gastrocnemius and adjacent soleus. Fifteen healthy volunteers participated. Simultaneous ultrasound images of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were obtained during passive knee flexion (0-90°), while keeping the ankle angle fixed at either 70° or 115°. Image correlation analysis was used to quantify muscle fascicle lengths in both muscles. The data show that the soleus muscle fascicles elongate significantly during gastrocnemius shortening. The approximate change in passive soleus force as a result of the observed change in fascicle length was estimated and appears to be <5 N, but this estimate is sensitive to the assumed slack length of soleus. 相似文献
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MJ Mitton-Fry JT Arcari MF Brown JM Casavant SM Finegan ME Flanagan H Gao DM George BS Gerstenberger S Han JR Hardink TM Harris T Hoang MD Huband R Irvine MS Lall M Megan Lemmon C Li J Lin SP McCurdy JP Mueller L Mullins M Niosi MC Noe D Pattavina J Penzien MS Plummer H Risley BP Schuff V Shanmugasundaram JT Starr J Sun J Winton JA Young 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2012,22(18):5989-5994
Novel siderophore-linked monobactams with in vitro and in vivo anti-microbial activity against MDR Gram-negative pathogens are described. 相似文献
777.
Microbes can provide their hosts with protection from biotic and abiotic factors. While many studies have examined how certain bacteria can increase host lifespan, fewer studies have examined how host reproduction can be altered. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been a particularly useful model system to examine how bacteria affect the fitness of their hosts under different contexts. Here, we examine how the bacterium Bacillus subtilis, compared to the standard C. elegans lab diet, Escherichia coli, affects C. elegans survival and reproduction after experiencing a period of intense heat stress. We find that under standard conditions, nematodes reared on B. subtilis produce fewer offspring than when reared on E. coli.However, despite greater mortality rates on B. subtilis after heat shock, young adult nematodes produced more offspring after heat shock when fed B. subtilis compared to E. coli. Because offspring production is necessary for host population growth and evolution, the reproductive advantage conferred by B. subtilis supersedes the survival advantage of E. coli. Furthermore, we found that nematodes must be reared on B. subtilis (particularly at the early stages of development) and not merely be exposed to the bacterium during heat shock, to obtain the reproductive benefits provided by B. subtilis. Taken together, our findings lend insight into the importance of environmental context and interaction timing in shaping the protective benefits conferred by a microbe toward its host. 相似文献
778.
Hoang Phuong T. N. Rouillard Jean-Marie Macas Jiří Kubalová Ivona Schubert Veit Schubert Ingo 《Chromosoma》2021,130(1):15-25
Chromosoma - Duckweeds represent a small, free-floating aquatic family (Lemnaceae) of the monocot order Alismatales with the fastest growth rate among flowering plants. They comprise five genera... 相似文献
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