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21.
How many copepods? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
At present there are approximately 11500 known species of copepods. The number of species described during the past 27 years is nearly two-thirds of all those described in the previous 100 years. Approximately one-third of marine copepod species are parasites or associates, nearly equally divided between those on fishes and those on invertebrates. Individual copepods are extremely abundant, not only as free-living species or parasites of fishes, but as associates of invertebrates, especially in the tropical regions of the world. 相似文献
22.
Daryl Humes Sandra Emery Elizabeth Laws Julie Overbaugh 《Journal of virology》2012,86(23):12472-12483
HIV-1 replicates poorly in macaque cells, and this had hindered the advancement of relevant nonhuman primate model systems for HIV-1 infection and pathogenesis. Several host restriction factors have been identified that contribute to this species-specific restriction to HIV-1 replication, but these do not fully explain the poor replication of most strains of HIV-1 in macaque cells. Only select HIV-1 envelope variants, typically those derived from viruses that have been adapted in cell culture, result in infectious chimeric SIVs encoding HIV-1 envelope (SHIVs). Here we demonstrate that most circulating HIV-1 variants obtained directly from infected individuals soon after virus acquisition do not efficiently mediate entry using the macaque CD4 receptor. The infectivity of these viruses is ca. 20- to 50-fold lower with the rhesus and pig-tailed macaque versus the human CD4 receptor. In contrast, culture-derived HIV-1 envelope variants that facilitate efficient replication in macaques showed similar infectivity with macaque and human CD4 receptors (within ∼2-fold). The ability of an envelope to mediate entry using macaque CD4 correlated with its ability to mediate entry of cells expressing low levels of the human CD4 receptor and with soluble CD4 sensitivity. Species-specific differences in the functional capacity of the CD4 receptor to mediate entry mapped to a single amino acid difference at position 39 that is under strong positive selection, suggesting that the evolution of CD4 may have been influenced by its function as a viral receptor. These results also suggest that N39 in human CD4 may be a critical residue for interaction of transmitted HIV-1 variants. These studies provide important insights into virus-host cell interactions that have hindered the development of relevant nonhuman primate models for HIV-1 infection and provide possible markers, such as sCD4 sensitivity, to identify potential HIV-1 variants that could be exploited for development of better SHIV/macaque model systems. 相似文献
23.
Anne Piantadosi Daryl Humes Bhavna Chohan R. Scott McClelland Julie Overbaugh 《Journal of virology》2009,83(16):7805-7814
24.
Regulation of prostaglandin synthesis and of the selective release of lysosomal hydrolases by mouse peritoneal macrophages. 总被引:35,自引:6,他引:29 下载免费PDF全文
R J Bonney P D Wightman P Davies S J Sadowski F A Kuehl Jr J L Humes 《The Biochemical journal》1978,176(2):433-442
Macrophages isolated from the peritoneal cavity of untreated mice and maintained in tissue culture synthesize and release prostaglandins when challenged with zymosan. These cells also selectively release lysosomal acid hydrolases under the same conditions. The major prostaglandins released into the media are found to be prostaglandins E1, E2 and 6-oxoprostaglandin F1a, whereas prostaglandin F2a is not detected. Macrophages isolated from mice that have received an intraperitoneal injection of thioglycollate broth are far less responsive to zymosan challenge. These cells require 300 microgram of zymosan to synthesize and release one-third the amount of prostaglandins released from non-stimulated macrophages exposed to 50 microgram of zymosan. In addition, thioglycollate-stimulated macrophages release less than 10% of their lysosomal acid hydrolases when exposed to 300 microgram of zymosan whereas non-stimulated cells release approximately 50% of these enzymes after treatment with 50 microgram of zymosan. The zymosan-stimulated synthesis and release of prostaglandins are completely inhibited by indomethacin, whereas the increased selective release of lysosomal acid hydrolases is not affected. Macrophages, unlike fibroblasts, do not synthesize and release prostaglandins when exposed to serum or to bradykinin. 相似文献
25.
Robert J. Bonney Peter Naruns Philip Davies John L. Humes 《Prostaglandins & other lipid mediators》1979,18(4):605-616
Antigen-antibody complexes (Ag/Ab) formed at equivalence stimulate the release of arachidonic acid and synthesis of prostaglandin E2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α by resident mouse peritoneal macrophages. Prostaglandin synthesis and secretion is stimulated by submicrogram quantities of Ag/Ab which increases in a dose-dependent manner. This release is time-dependent and occurs in the absence of any loss of cell viability as indicated by increased cellular levels of lactate dehydrogenase without concomitant loss of this activity to the media and the continued secretion of a constitutive cellular product, lysozyme. The stimulated synthesis of prostaglandins by Ag/Ab is inhibited by indomethacin and physiological levels of antiinflammatory glucocorticoids. 相似文献
26.
Shankaran K Donnelly KL Shah SK Guthikonda RN MacCoss M Humes JL Pacholok SG Grant SK Kelly TM Wong KK 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2004,14(17):4539-4544
Syntheses and evaluation of pyrrolidin-2-imines and 1,3-thiazolidin-2-imines as inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) are discussed. An extensive SAR was established for pyrrolidin-2-imines class of compounds. The amidines came out as the most potent inhibitors in addition to displaying selectivity. 相似文献
27.
Shankaran K Donnelly KL Shah SK Caldwell CG Chen P Hagmann WK Maccoss M Humes JL Pacholok SG Kelly TM Grant SK Wong KK 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2004,14(23):5907-5911
A series of 3- and 5-imino analogs from oxazepane, thiazepane, and diazepane was prepared and evaluated as inhibitors of human nitric oxide synthesis (NOS). The most potent iNOS inhibitor was the thiazepane analog 25 (IC(50) = 0.19 microM). 相似文献
28.
Ding F Song JH Jung JY Lou L Wang M Charles L Westover A Smith PL Pino CJ Buffington DA Humes HD 《PloS one》2011,6(4):e18584
Objective
Septic shock has a clinical mortality rate approaching fifty percent. The major clinical manifestations of sepsis are due to the dysregulation of the host''s response to infection rather than the direct consequences of the invading pathogen. Central to this initial immunologic response is the activation of leukocytes and microvascular endothelium resulting in cardiovascular instability, lung injury and renal dysfunction. Due to the primary role of leukocyte activation in the sepsis syndrome, a synthetic biomimetic membrane, called a selective cytopheretic device (SCD), was developed to bind activated leukocytes. The incorporation of the SCD along an extracorporeal blood circuit coupled with regional anticoagulation with citrate to lower blood ionized calcium was devised to modulate leukocyte activation in sepsis.Design
Laboratory investigation.Setting
University of Michigan Medical School.Subjects
Pigs weighing 30-35 kg.Interventions
To assess the effect of the SCD in septic shock, pigs were administered 30×1010 bacteria/kg body weight of Escherichia coli into the peritoneal cavity and within 1 hr were immediately placed in an extracorporeal circuit containing SCD.Measurements and Main Results
In this animal model, the SCD with citrate compared to control groups without the SCD or with heparin anticoagulation ameliorated the cardiovascular instability and lung sequestration of activated leukocytes, reduced renal dysfunction and improved survival time compared to various control groups. This effect was associated with minimal elevations of systemic circulating neutrophil activation.Conclusions
These preclinical studies along with two favorable exploratory clinical trials form the basis of an FDA-approved investigational device exemption for a pivotal multicenter, randomized control trial currently underway. 相似文献29.
Hao Chen Xiao Zheng Justine Nicholas Sara T. Humes Julia C. Loeb Sarah E. Robinson Joseph H. BisesiJr Dipesh Das Navid B. Saleh William L. Castleman John A. Lednicky Tara Sabo-Attwood 《Virology journal》2017,14(1):242
Background
Numerous toxicological studies have focused on injury caused by exposure to single types of nanoparticles, but few have investigated how such exposures impact a host’s immune response to pathogen challenge. Few studies have shown that nanoparticles can alter a host’s response to pathogens (chiefly bacteria) but there is even less knowledge of the impact of such particles on viral infections. In this study, we performed experiments to investigate if exposure of mice to single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) alters immune mechanisms and viral titers following subsequent influenza A virus (IAV) infection.Methods
Male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 20 μg of SWCNT or control vehicle by intratracheal instillation followed by intranasal exposure to 3.2?×?104 TCID50 IAV or PBS after 3 days. On day 7 mice were euthanized and near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging was used to track SWCNT in lung tissues. Viral titers, histopathology, and mRNA expression of antiviral and inflammatory genes were measured in lung tissue. Differential cell counts and cytokine levels were quantified in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF).Results
Viral titers showed a 63-fold increase in IAV in SWCNT + IAV exposed lungs compared to the IAV only exposure. Quantitation of immune cells in BALF indicated an increase of neutrophils in the IAV group and a mixed profile of lymphocytes and neutrophils in SWCNT + IAV treated mice. NIRF indicated SWCNT remained in the lung throughout the experiment and localized in the junctions of terminal bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and surrounding alveoli. The dual exposure exacerbated pulmonary inflammation and tissue lesions compared to SWCNT or IAV single exposures. IAV exposure increased several cytokine and chemokine levels in BALF, but greater levels of IL-4, IL-12 (P70), IP-10, MIP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and RANTES were evident in the SWCNT?+?IAV group. The expression of tlr3, ifnβ1, rantes, ifit2, ifit3, and il8 was induced by IAV alone but several anti-viral targets showed a repressed trend (ifits) with pre-exposure to SWCNT.Conclusions
These findings reveal a pronounced effect of SWCNT on IAV infection in vivo as evidenced by exacerbated lung injury, increased viral titers and several cytokines/chemokines levels, and reduction of anti-viral gene expression. These results imply that SWCNT can increase susceptibility to respiratory viral infections as a novel mechanism of toxicity.30.
Cell therapy in kidney failure 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Current therapy for acute renal failure continues to have an exceedingly high mortality rate, exceeding 50% even with dialytic
or hemofiltrative support. Current renal replacement therapy in ARF only substitutes for filtration function of the kidney
but not its cellular metabolic functions. Replacing these metabolic functions may optimize current therapy for this devastating
disease process. In this regard, a renal tubule assist device (RAD) has been developed to be placed in an extracorporeal continuous
hemoperfusion circuit in series with a hemofilter. The RAD consists of porcine renal proximal tubule cells grown as confluent
monolayers in a multifiber bioreactor with a membrane surface area from 0.4 to 1.6 m2. The cells along the inner surface of
the hollow fibers are immunoprotected from the patient's blood by the hollow fiber membrane. In vitro experiments demonstrate
that this device possesses differentiated renal transport, metabolic and endocrinologic properties. These properties, in fact,
are responsive to normal physiological regulatory parameters. In preliminary experiments in uremic dogs, this device has also
been shown to tolerate a uremic environment while providing reabsorptive, metabolic, and endocrinologic activity. Pilot human
trials of the RAD are anticipated within the next year to improve current renal replacement therapy in this devastating disease
process.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献