Cloning and characterization of a SnRK1-encoding gene from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Malus hupehensis</Emphasis> Rehd. and heterologous expression in tomato

Sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase-1 (SnRK1) plays an important role in metabolic regulation in plant. To understand the molecular mechanism of amino acids and carbohydrate metabolism in Malus hupehensis Rehd. var. pinyiensis Jiang (Pingyi Tiancha, PYTC), a full-length cDNA clone encoding homologue of SnRK1 was isolated from PYTC by Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE). The clone, designated as MhSnRK1, contains 2063 nucleotides with an open reading frame of 1548 nucleotides. The deduced 515 amino acids showed high identities with other plant SnRK1 genes. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed this gene was expressed in roots, stems and leaves. Exposing seedlings to nitrate caused and initial decrease in expression of the MhSnRK1 gene in roots, leaves and stems in short term. Ectopic expression of MhSnRK1 in tomato mainly resulted in higher starch content in leaf and red-ripening fruit than wild-type plants. This result supports the hypothesis that overexpression of SnRK1 causes the accumulation of starch in plant cells. All the results suggest that MhSnRK1 may play important roles in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolisms.     

Growth and water relations in a central North Carolina population of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Microstegium vimineum</Emphasis> (Trin.) A. Camus

The ability of an invasive plant to occupy new areas is often attributed to both morphological and physiological plasticities that allow them to remain viable over a wide range of environmental conditions. Studies addressing the ecological requirements of Microstegium vimineum often consider soil moisture or soil moisture along with other factors as important explanatory components for the establishment and persistence of this invasive monocot. However, controlled studies specifically targeting water relations in M. vimineum are needed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine how different water availabilities influence the growth and physiological performance of M. vimineum. This study utilized experimental microcosms to achieve different water availabilities including low soil moisture (<15% water), moderate soil moisture (ca. 20–30%), and flooded conditions. While both flooded and low soil moisture resulted in diminished growth, M. vimineum still survived under these conditions. Physiological processes including C₄ metabolism, minimum stress under low water conditions, and the ability to increase tissue rigidity may confer some advantages to M. vimineum during periods of limiting water conditions. Similarly, the proportionally low root biomass, shallow root structure, and its ability to maintain stable water relations during flooding and/or soil waterlogging may facilitate M. vimineum’s ability to invade mesic habitats. It is likely, therefore, that the capacity to tolerate both low soil moistures and flooded conditions has enhanced the ability of M. vimineum to populate disturbed systems in central North Carolina.     

Severe and rapid population declines in exotic birds

A particularly vexing phenomenon within invasion ecology is the occurrence of spontaneous collapses within seemingly well-established exotic populations. Here, we assess the frequency of collapses among 68 exotic bird populations established in Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Los Angeles and Miami. Following other published definitions, we define a ‘collapse’ as a decline in abundance of ≥90 % within ≤10 years that lasts for at least 3 years. We show that 44 of the 68 exotic bird populations have exhibited declines at some point within their time series. Sixteen of the populations declined sufficiently to be defined as collapsed. It took on average 3.8 ± 1.8 years for populations to decline into a collapsed state, and this state persisted on average for 7.1 ± 6.3 years across (collapsed) populations. We compared the severity and duration of declines across all 44 declining populations according to taxonomic Order and geographic region. Neither variable explained substantial variation in the metrics of collapse. Our results indicate that severe, rapid, and persistent population declines may be common among exotic populations. We suggest that incorporating the probability and persistence of collapses into management decisions can inform efforts to enact control or eradication measures. We also suggest that applying our approach to other taxa and locations is crucial for improving our understanding of when and where collapses are likely to occur.     

Intra- and inter-specific effects of mast seeding on seed fates of two sympatric <Emphasis Type="Italic">Corylus</Emphasis> species

We released seeds of two sympatric tree species, Corylus mandshurica (seed with thinner seed hull, higher nutrition) and C. heterophylla (seeds with thicker seed hull, lower nutrition) in the masting year of C. mandshurica in 2008, and C. heterophylla in 2009, respectively, to investigate how seed masting of the two sympatric Corylus species affects seed removal and dispersal fitness of the two species differently at both intra- and inter-specific levels. At intra-specific level, the authors found mast seeding of both C. mandshurica and C. heterophylla significantly reduced seed removal, seed consumption, but increased seed dispersal distance and seed dispersal fitness of the released seeds. Mast seeding of C. mandshurica increased seed caching of C. mandshurica. At inter-specific level, the authors found mast seeding of C. mandshurica reduced seed removal of C. heterophylla, but mast seeding of C. heterophylla did not significantly reduce seed removal of C. mandshurica. Mast seeding of C. mandshurica reduced seed consumption of C. heterophylla, while mast seeding of C. heterophylla reduced seed consumption of C. mandshurica. We found mast seeding of C. mandshurica significantly reduced seed dispersal distance of C. heterophylla, while mast seeding of C. heterophylla significantly increased seed dispersal distance of C. mandshurica. We found that mast seeding of C. mandshurica significantly increased seed dispersal fitness of C. heterophylla, while mast seeding of C. heterophylla did not significantly increase seed dispersal fitness of C. mandshurica. More studies are needed to reveal the ecological consequences of mast seeding at inter-specific or community-level. Seed traits may attribute the differences of mast seeding at inter-specific level. Because seeds with thinner seed hull and higher nutrition were more harvested and eaten by rodents, mast seeding of C. mandshurica might have reduced seed removal and seed consumption, but increased dispersal fitness of C. heterophylla (seeds with thicker seed hull, lower nutrition). Therefore, synchrony among species is, or is not, selectively beneficial to the focus species depends on seed traits which determine gains from mast seeding at inter-specific level.     

A climate for contemporary evolution

A new study of divergence in freshwater fish provides strong evidence of rapid, temperature-mediated adaptation. This study is particularly important in the ongoing debate over the extent and significance of evolutionary response to climate change because divergence has occurred in relatively few generations in spite of ongoing gene flow and in the aftermath of a significant genetic bottleneck, factors that have previously been considered obstacles to evolution. Climate change may thus be more likely to foster contemporary evolutionary responses than has been anticipated, and I argue here for the importance of investigating their possible occurrence.     

恶性疟原虫抗原表位的亚单位疫苗与DNA疫苗的联合免疫

构建了含有恶性疟原虫抗原基因 ( AWTE)的真核表达质粒 p CMV- AWTE,以及能在大肠杆菌中得到分泌性表达的原核表达质粒 p MC0 5 ,表达的蛋白 AWTE保持了疟原虫抗原的抗原性。将 p CMV- AWTE以及 AWTE两者混合各 1 0μg鼻腔免疫小鼠 ,一次后诱导机体产生了较高水平的体液免疫及细胞免疫