Antiproliferative Activity and Ultrastructural Changes in Promastigote and Amastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis Caused by Limonene-Acylthiosemicarbazide Hybrids

Leishmaniasis is a tropical zoonotic disease. It is found in 98 countries, with an estimated 1.3 million people being affected annually. During the life cycle, the Leishmania parasite alternates between promastigote and amastigote forms. The first line treatment for leishmaniasis are the pentavalent antimonials, such as N-methylglucamine antimoniate (Glucantime®) and sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam®). These drugs are commonly related to be associated with dangerous side effects such as cardiotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and pancreatitis. Considering these aspects, this work aimed to obtain a new series of limonene-acylthiosemicarbazides hybrids as an alternative for the treatment of leishmaniasis. For this, promastigotes, axenic amastigotes, and intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis were used in the antiproliferative assay; J774-A1 macrophages for the cytotoxicity assay; and electron microscopy techniques were performed to analyze the morphology and ultrastructure of parasites. ATZ−S-04 compound showed the best result in both tests. Its IC₅₀, in promastigotes, axenic amastigotes and intracellular amastigotes was 0.35±0.08 μM, 0.49±0.06 μM, and 15.90±2.88 μM, respectively. Cytotoxicity assay determined a CC₅₀ of 16.10±1.76 μM for the same compound. By electron microscopy, it was observed that ATZ−S-04 affected mainly the Golgi complex, in addition to morphological changes in promastigote forms of L. amazonensis.     

Natural lignin modulators improve bagasse saccharification of sugarcane and energy cane in field trials

The burgeoning cellulosic ethanol industry necessitates advancements in enzymatic saccharification, effective pretreatments for lignin removal, and the cultivation of crops more amenable to saccharification. Studies have demonstrated that natural inhibitors of lignin biosynthesis can enhance the saccharification of lignocellulose, even in tissues generated several months post-treatment. In this study, we applied daidzin (a competitive inhibitor of coniferaldehyde dehydrogenase), piperonylic acid (a quasi-irreversible inhibitor of cinnamate 4-hydroxylase), and methylenedioxy cinnamic acid (a competitive inhibitor of 4-coenzyme A ligase) to 60-day-old crops of two conventional Brazilian sugarcane cultivars and two energy cane clones, bred specifically for enhanced biomass production. The resultant biomasses were evaluated for lignin content and enzymatic saccharification efficiency without additional lignin-removal pretreatments. The treatments amplified the production of fermentable sugars in both the sugarcane cultivars and energy cane clones. The most successful results softened the most recalcitrant lignocellulose to the level of the least recalcitrant of the biomasses tested. Interestingly, the softest material became even more susceptible to saccharification.     

Effect of metal ion catalyzed oxidation of rifamycin SV on cell viability and metabolic performance of isolated rat hepatocytes

The effect of rifamycin SV on metabolic performance and cell viability was studied using isolated hepatocytes from fed, starved and glutathione (GSH) depleted rats. The relationships between GSH depletion, nutritional status of the cells, glucose metabolism, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) production in the presence of rifamycin SV and transition metal ions was investigated. Glucose metabolism was impaired in isolated hepatocytes from both fed and starved animals, the effect is dependent on the rifamycin SV concentration and is enhanced by copper (II). Oxygen consumption by isolated hepatocytes from starved rats was also increased by copper (II) and a partial inhibition due to catalase was observed. Cellular GSH levels which decrease with increasing the rifamycin SV concentration were almost depleted in the presence of copper (II). A correlation between GSH depletion and LDH leakage was observed in fed and starved cells. Catalase induced a slight inhibition of the impairment of gluconeogenesis, GSH depletion and LDH leakage in starved hepatocytes incubated with rifamycin SV, iron (II) and copper (II) salts. Lipid peroxidation measured as MDA production by isolated hepatocytes was also augmented by rifamycin SV and copper (II), especially in hepatic cells isolated from starved and GSH depleted rats. Higher cytotoxicity was observed in isolated hepatocytes from fasted animals when compared with fed or GSH depleted animals. It seems likely that in addition to GSH level, there are other factors which may have an influence on the susceptibility of hepatic cells towards xenobiotic induced cytotoxicity.     

Proteinase Inhibitor II Gene Expression Induced by Electrical Stimulation and Control of Photosynthetic Activity in Tomato Plants

Mechanical damage and heat stimulation were used to activateproteinase inhibitor II (Pin2) gene expression in tomato plantsin both treated (local induction) and non-treated tissues (systemicinduction). Both stimuli have been shown to generate electricalsignals, leading to a systemic activation of gene expression.Treatment of tomato leaves with electrical current resultedin the accumulation of Pin2 mRNA in the local and systemic leaves.Additionally, all treatments inducing Pin2 gene activity gaverise to a significant alteration of stomatal aperture. However,heat stimulation provoked a different response in the stomatalparameters than mechanical wounding or electric treatment. Bothmechanical damage and electrical stimulation activated two characteristictime constants in the gas exchange relaxation kinetics. Conversely,heat stimulation resulted in only one major time constant. Theresults clearly show that direct current application to tomatoleaves initiates Pin2 mRNA accumulation locally and systemically.In addition, they suggest the participation of a second slowelectrical/hydraulic component in the wound response mechanismof tomato plants and a possible alternative pathway regulatingheat-induced Pin2 gene expression. (Received February 13, 1995; Accepted April 14, 1995)     

Further farnesyl-homogentisic acid derivatives from Otoba parvifolia

The seeds of Otoba parvifolia contain three novel compounds apparently derived from homogentisic acid, rel-(1′R,5′R)-2-(1′-farnesyl-5′-hydroxy-2′-oxocyclohex-3′-en-1′-yl)-acetic acid and its acetate as well as rel-(1′R,4′S,5′R)-2-(1′-farnesyl-4′,5′-dihydroxy-2′-oxocyclohexan-1′-yl)-acetic acid δ-lactone. The structure of an additional isolate, previously described as 2-(1′-farnesyl-2′-hydroxy-5′-oxocyclohex-3′-en-1′-yl)-acetic acid γ-lactone was revised to rel-(1′R,5′R)-2-(1′-farnesyl-5′-hydroxy-2′-oxocyclohex-3′-en-1′-yl)-acetic acid δ-lactone.     

Root to shoot ratio of crops as influenced by CO2

Crops of tomorrow are likely to grow under higher levels of atmospheric CO₂. Fundamental crop growth processes will be affected and chief among these is carbon allocation. The root to shoot ratio (R:S, defined as dry weight of root biomass divided by dry weight of shoot biomass) depends upon the partitioning of photosynthate which may be influenced by environmental stimuli. Exposure of plant canopies to high CO₂ concentration often stimulates the growth of both shoot and root, but the question remains whether elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration will affect roots and shoots of crop plants proportionally. Since elevated CO₂ can induce changes in plant structure and function, there may be differences in allocation between root and shoot, at least under some conditions. The effect of elevated atmospheric CO₂ on carbon allocation has yet to be fully elucidated, especially in the context of changing resource availability. Herein we review root to shoot allocation as affected by increased concentrations of atmospheric CO₂ and provide recommendations for further research. Review of the available literature shows substantial variation in R:S response for crop plants. In many cases (59.5%) R:S increased, in a very few (3.0%) remained unchanged, and in others (37.5%) decreased. The explanation for these differences probably resides in crop type, resource supply, and other experimental factors. Efforts to understand allocation under CO₂ enrichment will add substantially to the global change response data base.Abbreviations R:S root to shoot ratio, dry weight basis     

Ionic iridium-gold and rhodium-gold perfluorobenzenethiolato binuclear complexes: syntheses and solution behavior

By reacting [(C₅Me₅)M(SR_F)₂] (forM = Ir, Rf = C₆F₅ (1a) or C₆F₄H-p (1b); for M = Rh, Rf = C₆F₅ (2a) or C₆F₄H-p (2a)) in toluene with Na[AuCl₄], ionic binuclear compounds with the general formula [(C₅Me₅)M(μ-SR_F)₂AuCl₂]Cl for M = Ir, R = C₆F₅ (3a) or C₆F₄H-p (3a); for M = Rh, R_F = C₆F₅ (4a) or C₆F₄H-p (4b) can be obtained, together with small amounts of [(C₅Me₅)₂Rh₂(μ-SR_F)(μ-Cl)₂]Cl (R_F = C₆F₅ (5a) or C₆F₄H-p (5b)) as by-products when 2a and 2b were used.     

Mutations in neuromusculin,a gene encoding a cell adhesion molecule,cause nervous system defects

The Drosophila neuromusculin (nrm) gene encodes an immunoglobulin-like (Ig-like) cell adhesion molecule expressed in the precursors of the embryonic peripheral nervous system (PNS), in the midline precursors of the central nervous system (CNS), and in muscles. During the initial phases of CNS axonogenesis, nrm is expressed in cells involved in the development of commissures and longitudinal tracts. Mutations which alter expression of nrm mRNAs cause aberrant development of commissures and longitudinal axon pathways. Defects in the PNS and muscles of nrm mutants are also observed. In most nrm embryos, abnormal development can be detected in a subset of abdominal segments; however, in approximately 1 of 10 nrm embryos, the defects extend to all segments. Herein, we present evidence that nrm plays an important role in early morphogenesis, possibly by mediating or facilitating inductive cell contacts and movements.