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51.
(2R)-2-[4-(4-Cyano-2-fluorophenoxy)phenoxy]butylpropanoate (cyhalofop-butyl, CyB) was synthesized by a chemoenzymatic route involving
enantioselective transesterification with Candida antarctica lipase B (Novozym 435). The optimum organic solvent, acyl donor, a
w
, reaction temperature and shaking rate for the transesterification were acetonitrile, n-butanol, 0.11, 45°C and 200 rpm, respectively. Under the optimum conditions, the maximum substrate conversion and the enantiomeric
purity of the product were 96.9 and >99%, respectively. The total yield and enantiomeric purity of CyB by this chemoenzymatic
synthesis were 60.4 and >99%, respectively; 15.3 and 21% higher than that of the traditional way (45 and 78%). 相似文献
52.
The combined effects of warming and drying suppress CO2 and N2O emission rates in an alpine meadow of the eastern Tibetan Plateau 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The eastern Tibetan Plateau has become increasingly warmer and drier since the 1990s. Such warming and drying has a great impact on ecosystem processes on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. To determine their combined effects on CO2 and N2O emission rates, we conducted a field manipulative experiment in an alpine meadow of the eastern Tibetan Plateau during the growing season of 2009. The experiment showed that warming manipulation increased soil temperature by 1?°C, and drying manipulation decreased soil water content by 6.8?%. We found that by counteracting the effect of low temperature in the area, experimental warming significantly increased soil microbial biomass, the number of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, ammonifying bacteria, nitrobacteria and denitrifying bacteria, and facilitated the emission rates of CO2 and N2O by 33.4 and 31.5?%, respectively. However, decreased precipitation further aggravated soil water stress and inhibited the numbers of these organisms, and reduced the emission rates of CO2 and N2O by 47.4 and 37.9?%, respectively. So decreased soil water content tended to offset the positive effect of warming. Compared to the positive effects of warming, decreased soil water content was shown in our study to have even greater impact on the eastern Tibetan Plateau during the growing season. Therefore, inhibition of CO2 and N2O emission rates (32.3 and 29.3?%, respectively) by warming and drying will intensify if the combined effects of these climatic trends persist in the region. 相似文献
53.
Shen TH Gladoun N Castillo-Martin M Bonal D Domingo-Domenech J Charytonowicz D Cordon-Cardo C 《PloS one》2012,7(4):e35243
Cre-loxp mediated conditional knockout strategy has played critical roles for revealing functions of many genes essential for development, as well as the causal relationships between gene mutations and diseases in the postnatal adult mice. One key factor of this strategy is the availability of mice with tissue- or cell type-specific Cre expression. However, the success of the traditional molecular cloning approach to generate mice with tissue specific Cre expression often depends on luck. Here we provide a better alternative by using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based recombineering to insert iCreERT2 cDNA at the ATG start of the Upk2 gene. The BAC-based transgenic mice express the inducible Cre specifically in the urothelium as demonstrated by mRNA expression and staining for LacZ expression after crossing with a Rosa26 reporter mouse. Taking into consideration the size of the gene of interest and neighboring genes included in a BAC, this method should be widely applicable for generation of mice with tissue specific gene expression or deletions in a more specific manner than previously reported. 相似文献
54.
Quaternary semiconducting materials based on the kesterite (A2BCX4) mineral structure are the most promising candidates to overtake the current generation of light‐absorbing materials for thin‐film solar cells. Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS), Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) and their alloy Cu2ZnSn(Se,S)4 consist of abundant, low‐cost and non‐toxic elements, unlike current CdTe and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 based technologies. Zinc‐blende related structures are formed by quaternary compounds, but the complexity associated with the multi‐component system introduces difficulties in material growth, characterization, and application. First‐principles electronic structure simulations, performed over the past five years, that address the structural, electronic, and defect properties of this family of compounds are reviewed. Initial predictions of the bandgaps and crystal structures have recently been verified experimentally. The calculations highlight the role of atomic disorder on the cation sub‐lattice, as well as phase separation of Cu2ZnSnS4 into ZnS and CuSnS3, on the material performance for light‐to‐electricity conversion in photovoltaic devices. Finally, the current grand challenges for materials modeling of thin‐film solar cells are highlighted. 相似文献
55.
Plasmid phr‐YPGHc, containing the fish growth hormone (GH) cDNA driven by a heat shock protein 70A promoter and a RUBISCO SSU 2 promoter, was transferred into the protoplast of marine microalga Nannochloropsis oculata (Droop) D. J. Hibberd by electroporation. Four transgenic clones were obtained in which the transferred phr‐YPGHc was integrated into the genome and existed stably at least until the 50th generation. When we treated these transgenic microalgae by heat shock, the heterologous fish GH was produced in the amount of 0.42 to 0.27 μg · mL?1 from the 50 mL of medium. We incubated artemia with the wildtype and transgenic N. oculata for 6 h and then fed these microalgae‐treated artemia to red‐tilapia larvae. After feeding, the growth of larvae that were fed artemia incubated with transgenic microalgae was greater (i.e., statistically significant: P < 0.05) than that of larvae that were fed artemia incubated with nontransgenic microalgae: 316% versus 104% in weight gain, and 217% versus 146% in body length increase, respectively. Therefore, the N. oculata enables production of functional GH, and we propose that it might be an excellent bioreactor material. 相似文献
56.
野马追是江苏省著名的道地药材之一,全草入药,是祛痰、止咳、治疗慢性支气管炎效果显著的天然药物,在临床上具有很重要的应用价值.市场上该药材的需求量很大,目前主要依靠人工栽培来满足市场的需求.通过对江苏省野马追主要生产地区的生长环境与野马追生物量之间相关性的分析,探讨了土壤氮钾含量、pH、间种等环境因素都对野马追生物量的影响规律.结果显示,野马追适宜在微酸环境中生长,以pH6.0左右为最佳,不适与其他作物间种,土壤中碱解氮含量为28~30 mg/kg,速效钾含量230~240mg/kg时有利于其生物量增加.人工栽培过程中应尽量满足野马追生物量增加的最适条件,提高野马追引种驯化成功率,确保人工栽培野马追的药材品质和产量. 相似文献
57.
基质结合区(MARs)与转基因植物的基因表达 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
对动植物的研究结果表明,基质结合区(MARs)能提高转基因的表达水平,并能降低其在转基因个体之间的表达差异。本文着重综述了MARs的基本特征及其在转基因植物中的研究应用,对MARs在转基因动物方面的研究成果和MARs的作用机制也作了介绍。 相似文献
58.
Huai Chen Qiuan Zhu Changhui Peng Ning Wu Yanfen Wang Xiuqing Fang Yongheng Gao Dan Zhu Gang Yang Jianqing Tian Xiaoming Kang Shilong Piao Hua Ouyang Wenhua Xiang Zhibin Luo Hong Jiang Xingzhang Song Yao Zhang Guirui Yu Xinquan Zhao Peng Gong Tandong Yao Jianghua Wu 《Global Change Biology》2013,19(10):2940-2955
With a pace of about twice the observed rate of global warming, the temperature on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau (Earth's ‘third pole’) has increased by 0.2 °C per decade over the past 50 years, which results in significant permafrost thawing and glacier retreat. Our review suggested that warming enhanced net primary production and soil respiration, decreased methane (CH4) emissions from wetlands and increased CH4 consumption of meadows, but might increase CH4 emissions from lakes. Warming‐induced permafrost thawing and glaciers melting would also result in substantial emission of old carbon dioxide (CO2) and CH4. Nitrous oxide (N2O) emission was not stimulated by warming itself, but might be slightly enhanced by wetting. However, there are many uncertainties in such biogeochemical cycles under climate change. Human activities (e.g. grazing, land cover changes) further modified the biogeochemical cycles and amplified such uncertainties on the plateau. If the projected warming and wetting continues, the future biogeochemical cycles will be more complicated. So facing research in this field is an ongoing challenge of integrating field observations with process‐based ecosystem models to predict the impacts of future climate change and human activities at various temporal and spatial scales. To reduce the uncertainties and to improve the precision of the predictions of the impacts of climate change and human activities on biogeochemical cycles, efforts should focus on conducting more field observation studies, integrating data within improved models, and developing new knowledge about coupling among carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus biogeochemical cycles as well as about the role of microbes in these cycles. 相似文献
59.
Rickettsia隶属于变形菌纲Proteobacteria的α亚群立克次体科Rickettsiaceae革兰氏阴性菌,是形态多样的次生真核细胞内共生菌。Rickettsia的功能是多样的,在一些宿主中为营养共生菌,在另一些宿主中为生殖调控因子,或以昆虫为载体的植物病原菌,此外,Rickettsia还能增强宿主抗药性,提高宿主抵御天敌、高温或者其它致死因素的能力。本综述主要从Rickettsia的起源、分类、在昆虫体内的分布、传播方式、与昆虫生殖调控的关系以及基因组进化等方面,简述Rickettsia的研究进展,重点提出了Rickettsia研究中一些尚未解决的问题,期望通过这些研究进一步明确Rickettsia与昆虫之间的互作关系。 相似文献
60.