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101.
Methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-2,3-di-O-propargyl-alpha-D-glucoside (2) has been prepared and its structure determined, including its X-ray structural analysis. For comparison the structure of the corresponding allyl derivative has also been determined by X-ray crystallography. Glucoside 2 is a versatile starting material for numerous novel derivatives such as diols, a diester, a diacid, and a dialdehyde. Subjecting 2 to a Mannich reaction leads to a (bis)amine in excellent yields. The click reaction between 2 and benzyl azide furnishes a (bis)triazole as the main product. Deprotection of 2 furnishes a (bis)propargyl ether, which can be converted by the methodology developed for 2 to the corresponding (bis)acetylenes; click reaction with benzyl azide converts 2 into a (bis)triazole. 相似文献
102.
Antje Bast Kathrin Krause Imke H. E. Schmidt Matsayapan Pudla Stefanie Brakopp Verena Hopf Katrin Breitbach Ivo Steinmetz 《PLoS pathogens》2014,10(3)
The cytosolic pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei and causative agent of melioidosis has been shown to regulate IL-1β and IL-18 production through NOD-like receptor NLRP3 and pyroptosis via NLRC4. Downstream signalling pathways of those receptors and other cell death mechanisms induced during B. pseudomallei infection have not been addressed so far in detail. Furthermore, the role of B. pseudomallei factors in inflammasome activation is still ill defined. In the present study we show that caspase-1 processing and pyroptosis is exclusively dependent on NLRC4, but not on NLRP3 in the early phase of macrophage infection, whereas at later time points caspase-1 activation and cell death is NLRC4- independent. In the early phase we identified an activation pathway involving caspases-9, -7 and PARP downstream of NLRC4 and caspase-1. Analyses of caspase-1/11-deficient infected macrophages revealed a strong induction of apoptosis, which is dependent on activation of apoptotic initiator and effector caspases. The early activation pathway of caspase-1 in macrophages was markedly reduced or completely abolished after infection with a B. pseudomallei flagellin FliC or a T3SS3 BsaU mutant. Studies using cells transfected with the wild-type and mutated T3SS3 effector protein BopE indicated also a role of this protein in caspase-1 processing. A T3SS3 inner rod protein BsaK mutant failed to activate caspase-1, revealed higher intracellular counts, reduced cell death and IL-1β secretion during early but not during late macrophage infection compared to the wild-type. Intranasal infection of BALB/c mice with the BsaK mutant displayed a strongly decreased mortality, lower bacterial loads in organs, and reduced levels of IL-1β, myeloperoxidase and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In conclusion, our results indicate a major role for a functional T3SS3 in early NLRC4-mediated caspase-1 activation and pyroptosis and a contribution of late caspase-1-dependent and -independent cell death mechanisms in the pathogenesis of B. pseudomallei infection. 相似文献
103.
Ronald van Eijk Paul HC Eilers Remco Natté Anne-Marie Cleton-Jansen Hans Morreau Tom van Wezel Jan Oosting 《BMC bioinformatics》2010,11(1):67
Background
Multiplex Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) is an application that can be used for the detection of multiple chromosomal aberrations in a single experiment. In one reaction, up to 50 different genomic sequences can be analysed. For a reliable work-flow, tools are needed for administrative support, data management, normalisation, visualisation, reporting and interpretation. 相似文献104.
Liane FM Finotelo Paulo JS Amaral Julio C Pieczarka Edivaldo HC de Oliveira Alcides Pissinati Michaela Neusser Stephan Müller Cleusa Y Nagamachi 《BMC evolutionary biology》2010,10(1):189
Background
The New World monkey (Platyrrhini) subfamily Pitheciinae is represented by the genera Pithecia, Chiropotes and Cacajao. In this work we studied the karyotypes of Pithecia irrorata (2n = 48) and Cacajao calvus rubicundus (2n = 45 in males and 2n = 46 in females) by G- and C-banding, NOR staining and chromosome painting using human and Saguinus oedipus whole chromosome probes. The karyotypes of both species were compared with each other and with Chiropotes utahicki (2n = 54) from the literature. 相似文献105.
106.
Summary East of Seefeld/Tyrol the Hauptdolomit facies (Triassic, Norian) is accompanied by an organic-rich intercalation, the Seefeld
facies. Three facies were distinguished, which developed within a separate basin within the Hauptdolomit carbonate platform.
These facies have been investigated in an environmental and palaeoecological context applying microfacies analysis, palynology,
organic petrology, organic geochemistry and stable isotope geochemistry. As the controlling factors of sedimentation, sea
level changes are suggested for large scale fluctuations, and climatic changes for variations on a smaller scale. Within the
basin facies a μm-scaled rhythm can be observed, which was obviously seasonally controlled. Amajor amount of organic material
of the deposit has been produced by microbial activity under anoxic conditions. Causes for the absence of pollen and spores
in many black shale deposits are discussed. 相似文献
107.
Sigrid Hopf 《Primates; journal of primatology》1967,8(4):323-332
A survey is given on 13 pregnancies in captive squirrel monkeys including 3 reported elsewhere. Observations of sexual behavior suggest a gestation period of 24 to 26 weeks which confirms former estimations. In 8 pregnancies the presentation of the fetus was determined by X-ray and measurements on fetal growth are given. Three deliveries were observed and motion pictures in artificial or infrared light were taken. Behavior and physical changes during pregnancy, and behavior of mother, infant, and group members during delivery and early postnatal period are described. Of the 6 live born infants 4 did not survive the weaning period and 2 have not yet been weaned.Attempts to provide the monkeys with sufficient protein and to eliminate accidents are discussed. 相似文献
108.
109.
Behavior patterns during play, sexual role differentiation dependant on age, and mating behavior in squirrel monkeys living in laboratory groups are described. While juveniles prefer mutual play (wrestling, contact play) adults or subadults most often use distinct roles at play; the male acts as the pursuer and the female flees but provokes his further pursuit. The male usually initiates the interaction by approaching, while the female determines what course it will follow (retreating or play or mating). True copulatory behavior occurs in a rather stereotyped manner. A sequence of 10–25 mounts with rapid, followed by slow and intense pelvic thrusts, terminates with ejaculation. Mounts with or without rapid thrusts may occur during play, but long series of slow thrusts characterize mating behavior. Between the mounts the female repeatedly displays genitals to the male and both partners purr to each other. An increase of urine washing and genital inspection may be observed but is not restricted to days when mating occurs. The influence of rank order among males on sexual behavior is discussed. 相似文献
110.
Pycnidiospores of Phyllosticta ampelicida, the causal agent of black rot of grape, were found to germinate only on substrata on which they were firmly attached. Such surfaces were poorly wettable and had advancing contact angles (straight thetaa) formed by a water drop of >80°, e.g., grape leaf, polystyrene, Teflon, polycarbonate, collodion, and glass treated with the silanes n-octadecyltrichlorosilane, dimethyldichlorosilane, or diphenyldichlorosilane. When pycnidiospores were deposited on more wettable surfaces they did not attach firmly and did not germinate. Such highly wettable surfaces had straight thetaa = 40° and were represented by heat-treated glass, cellophane, nutrient- and water-agars, polystyrene treated with UV-irradiation or sulfuric acid, and glass silanized with n-2-aminoethyl-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, n-(trimethoxysilylpropyl)ethylenediamine triacetic acid trisodium, or 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. Adhesion of pycnidiospores was assessed with and without a hydraulic shearing force. Pycnidiospore adhesion occurred over several minutes in distilled deionized water, unless it was first acidified, which decreased attachment time to <0.03 s. Attachment of pycnidiospores treated with sodium azide, formaldehyde, or boiled in water for 10 min was similar to nontreated conidia. Possible mechanisms of adhesion of the conidia to surfaces include hydrophobic and ionic interactions. 相似文献