2008年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

在国家各类重大研究计划的持续支持和推动下, 2008年中国植物科学研究继续快速发展, 中国科学家在植物科学各领域中取得了大量的原创性研究成果, 尤其是在水稻株型功能基因组、水稻开花控制和种子发育、生殖隔离机制以及转基因生态安全研究等方面取得了一系列重大进展, 受到了国内外的广泛关注。该文对2008年中国本土科学家在植物生命科学若干领域取得的重要研究进展进行概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿和热点事件, 并展现我国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

跨区域森林生态补偿的演化博弈分析——基于主体功能区的视角

新常态下,我国的森林生态环境承载力已经达到或接近上限,森林资源存在乱砍乱伐现象和林区政府监管乏力问题,究其根源是缺乏森林保护和补偿的驱动机制。在中央政府投入大量物力和财力的同时,其他利益相关主体却存在不同利益诉求和行为导向冲突,跨区域森林生态补偿难以实现,因此利用演化博弈模型厘清森林生态环境保护与补偿行动中保护主体、受益主体和中央政府的关系,有助于突破跨区域森林生态保护补偿困境,形成良好的行动机制。分析主体功能区利益群体逻辑关系的基础上,构建保护地区政府和受益地区政府的演化博弈模型,分别研究未引入"约束-激励"机制和引入"约束-激励"机制下的主体行为特征及其影响因素,剖析不同情形地方政府间的博弈决策行为。研究结果表明,在未引入中央政府"约束-激励"机制的情况下,跨区域生态补偿无法实现,保护地区政府会通过权衡保护森林资源收益和机会成本进行策略选择,当保护森林资源的净收益为正时,即使没有受益地区生态补偿,保护地区政府仍然有足够的激励保护森林资源,当保护森林资源的净收益为负时,两类政府群体容易陷入森林生态治理的"囚徒困境",而"约束-激励"机制的引入可以实现森林生态保护补偿的帕累托改进,通过中央政府惩罚、奖励金额的限制能够实现最优稳定均衡策略。     

基于人地关系视角的鄱阳湖水陆交错带范围划分

水陆交错带是典型的过渡性地理空间,是地理学研究的关键样带,承载着特殊且复杂的人地关系。根据鄱阳湖过水性、吞吐型、季节性特点,考虑行政区划完整性与尺度效应,基于高分辨率遥感影像和长时间序列水位变化数据,利用非监督分类、目视解译、调查验证等方法,从自然和行政区划两个维度划分了鄱阳湖水陆交错带的地域范围,阐述了其自然、经济和社会等基本特征,分析了其理论基础、现实意义及科学内涵。研究表明：(1)鄱阳湖水陆交错带最大自然范围约为2508.08 km~2,行政范围涉及11个县(市、区)78个乡镇单元,包含行政村974个;(2)其景观要素变化多样,经济发展主要以生态农业、生态旅游业为主,人口分布呈现带状特征,与交错带范围高度吻合;(3)自然基础、尺度效应和内涵特征是其范围划分的理论基础,探究其人与环境相互作用的过程、机理与规律是重要现实意义;(4)未来可以从景观格局变化、人地关系分解、社会生活变迁等方面开展进一步研究,以揭示该区域特殊人地关系变化。     

Nitrogen‐Doped Graphene‐Supported Mixed Transition‐Metal Oxide Porous Particles to Confine Polysulfides for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

The intricate charge–discharge reactions and bad conductivity nature of sulfur determine the extreme importance of cathode engineering for Li–S batteries. Herein, spinel ZnCo₂O₄ porous particles@N‐doped reduced graphene oxide (ZnCo₂O₄@N‐RGO) are prepared via the combined procedures of refluxing and hydrothermal treatment, consisting of interconnected uniform ZnCo₂O₄ nanocubes with an average size of 5 nm anchored on graphene nanosheets. The as‐obtained composite can act as an inimitable cathode scaffold to suppress the shuttling of polysulfides by chemical confinement of ZnCo₂O₄ and N‐RGO for the first time, as demonstrated by the adsorption energy of ZnCo₂O₄ to Li₂S₄ via the strong chemical bonding between Zn or Co and S. The RGO nanosheets with a relatively high specific surface area provide a good conductive network and structural stability. The introduction of doped N atoms and numerous ZnCo₂O₄ porous nanoparticles can inhibit the transfer of lithium polysulfides between the cathode and anode. Due to the unique structural and compositional features, the as‐obtained hybrid materials with the high sulfur loading of 71% and even 82% still deliver high specific capacity, good rate capability, and enhanced cycling stability with exceptionally high initial Coulombic efficiency, which displays a high utilization of sulfur.     

激光在喉狭窄治疗中的应用：附13例报告

采用支撑喉镜、喉造口以激光治疗喉狭窄１３例,均观察１年４个月以上。包括先天性喉蹼,声带粘连,双侧喉返神经麻痹,多发性复发性喉乳头状瘤多次手术无效,喉外伤后甲状软骨及其内结构严重破坏,继发感染伴喉腔大是一肉芽生产及瘢痕形成者。     

Genome sequence of a novel nicotine-degrading strain, Pseudomonas geniculata N1

A newly isolated bacterium, Pseudomonas geniculata N1, can efficiently degrade nicotine. Here we present a 4.51-Mb assembly of its genome, which is the first sequence of the P. geniculata group. The sequence contains the genes related to nicotine catabolism and may provide insights into its molecular mechanism for N-heterocyclic degradation.     

Cell cycle-dependent subcellular distribution of ClC-3 in HeLa cells

Chloride channel-3 (ClC-3) is suggested to be a component and/or a regulator of the volume-activated Cl(-) channel in the plasma membrane. However, ClC-3 is predominantly located inside cells and the role of intracellular ClC-3 in tumor growth is unknown. In this study, we found that the subcellular distribution of endogenous ClC-3 varied in a cell cycle-dependent manner in HeLa cells. During interphase, ClC-3 was distributed throughout the cell and it accumulated at various positions in different stages. In early G1, ClC-3 was mainly located in the nucleus. In middle G1, ClC-3 gathered around the nuclear periphery as a ring. In late G1, ClC-3 moved back into the nucleus, where it remained throughout S phase. In G2, ClC-3 was concentrated in the cytoplasm. When cells progressed from G2 to the prophase of mitosis, ClC-3 from the cytoplasm translocated into the nucleus. During metaphase and anaphase, ClC-3 was distributed throughout the cell except for around the chromosomes and was aggregated at the spindle poles and in between two chromosomes, respectively. ClC-3 was then again concentrated in the nucleus upon the progression from telophase to cytokinesis. These results reveal a cell cycle-dependent change of the subcellular distribution of ClC-3 and strongly suggest that ClC-3 has nucleocytoplasmic shuttling dynamics that may play key regulatory roles during different stages of the cell cycle in tumor cells.     

2011年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2011年中国植物科学得到结构生物学等领域科学家的加盟,在分子机制研究方面取得了突破性快速发展.中国科学家在植物科学各领域中取得了大量的原创性研究成果,尤其是在植物激素受体结构解析和信号转导方面获得了一系列突破,基于高通量基因测序和计算生物学平台的水稻功能基因组与进化以及系统植物学研究方面也取得了重大进展,受到国内外的高度评价.该文对2011年中国本土植物生命科学若干领域取得的重要研究进展进行概括性评述,旨在全面追踪当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿和热点事件,并展现我国科学家所取得的杰出成就.