Comparison of Clinicopathological Features and Treatments between Young (≤40 Years) and Older (>40 Years) Female Breast Cancer Patients in West China: A Retrospective,Epidemiological, Multicenter,Case Only Study

The incidence of young cases of breast cancer is higher in China compared to the western world. We aimed to explore differences in risk factors, clinicopathological features and treatment modes of young female breast cancer compared to older patients in West China. We collected clinical information from 12,209 female breast cancer patients in West China, including risk factors, clinicopathological features and treatment modes, from January 2010 to December 2012. Chi-square tests and the multivariate logistic regression analysis were applied for statistical analysis. There were 2,682 young (≤40 years) cases and 9,527 older cases at the time of breast cancer diagnosis. Young patients had a greater tumor diameter at diagnosis, and a higher probability of axillary lymph node and distant metastasis (P < 0.05). The progesterone receptor positive expression rate, estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor double positive expression rate, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) negative expression rate was higher in young patients compared to older patients (P < 0.05). For young patients, the age at menarche was earlier, they had lower marriage rates, fewer pregnancies and births, and a lower breastfeeding rate (P < 0.05). A higher proportion of young patients underwent advanced operations, neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and endocrine therapy compared to older patients (P < 0.05). We found significant differences in the clinicopathological features, risk factors and treatment modes between young (≤40 years) and older (>40 years) female breast cancer patients in West China. As some of these results differ from those found in the western female population, it is likely that the mechanism of tumorigenesis of young female breast cancer patients in West China may differ from that in western developed countries. Further investigation into the regional differences in breast cancer tumorigenesis is warranted.     

Electrochemical immunoassay of membrane P-glycoprotein by immobilization of cells on gold nanoparticles modified on a methoxysilyl-terminated butyrylchitosan matrix

A strategy to detect P-glycoprotein (P-gp) on cell membrane and quantify the cell number using electrochemical immunoassay was developed by effective surface immunoreactions and immobilization of cells on a highly hydrophilic interface, which was constructed by adsorption of colloidal gold nanoparticles on a methoxysilyl-terminated (Mos) butyrylchitosan modified glassy carbon electrode (Au-CS/GCE). Atomic force microscopy studies proved that the nanoparticles adsorbed on Mos-butyrylchitosan were efficient in preventing the cell leakage and retaining the activity of immobilized living K562/ADM leukemic cells. The incubation with P-gp monoclonal antibody and then the secondary alkaline phosphatase (AP) conjugated antibody introduced AP onto the K562/ADM cell immobilized on Au-CS/GCE. The bound AP led to an amperometric response of 1-naphthyl phosphate. Under optimal conditions the response was proportional to the logarithm of cell concentration in the range from 5.0 x 10(4) to 1.0 x 10(7) cells mL(-)(1) with a detection limit of 1.0 x 10(4) cells mL(-)(1). The results were comparable to flow cytometric analysis of P-gp expression. This proposed method was practical, convenient, and significant in the clinic and cytobiology.     

Simultaneous determination of six phthalate esters in bottled milks using ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography

A new method was developed for the simultaneous determination of six phthalate esters in bottled milks using ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UA-DLLME) followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID). 0.8 mL of methanol (dispersant) and 40 μL of CCl(4) (extractant) were injected into 8.0 mL of milk solution and then emulsified the mixture by ultrasound for 2.0 min to form the cloudy solution. Under the optimum condition, the enrichment factors of the analytes ranged from 220 to 270 fold and the recovery ranged from 93.2% to 105.7%. Good linearity was observed for all analytes in a range of 0.8-51 ngg(-1) with the correlation coefficient (r(2)) ≥ 0.9992. The limits of detection (LODs) based on signal to noise of 3 were 0.64-0.79 ngg(-1). The repeatability evaluated as intra-day and inter-day precision (relative standard deviation, RSD) were less than 4.0% (n=5). The presented UA-DLLME-GC-FID method was successfully applied to determine the six phthalate esters in different bottled milk products.     

Determination of clenbuterol in porcine tissues using solid-phase extraction combined with ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and HPLC-UV detection

A new pretreatment method, solid-phase extraction combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextration (SPE-DLLME), was proposed in first time for the determination of clenbuterol (CLB) in porcine tissue samples. The tissue samples were firstly extracted by SPE, then its eluents were used as dispersant of the followed DLLME for further purification and enrichment of CLB. Various parameters (such as the type of SPE sorbent, the type and volume of elution solvent, the type and volume of extractant and dispersant, etc.) that affected the efficiency of the two steps were optimized. Good linearity of CLB was ranged from 0.19 μg/kg to 192 μg/kg with correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.9995. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.07 μg/kg (S/N=3) and the recoveries at three spiked levels were ranged from 87.9% to 103.6% with the relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 3.9% (n=3). Under the optimized conditions, the enrichment factor (EF) for CLB could up to 62 folds. The presented method that combined the advantages of SPE and DLLME, had higher selectivity than SPE method and was successfully applied to the determination of CLB in tissue samples.     

一株新的溶磷棘孢青霉菌Z32的分离、鉴定及其土壤定殖与溶磷特性

【目的】从植物根部土壤中分离到一株高效溶磷真菌Z32,进行了分类学鉴定和土壤定殖与溶磷特性的初步研究。为溶磷微生物的应用提供新的菌株。【方法】通过形态特征、培养特征和ITSrDNA序列分析方法进行菌株鉴定。通过菌株Z32在土豆液体培养基培养过程中培养液pH的变化确定溶磷菌株的溶磷能力。利用菌株土培试验,进行菌株的土壤定殖和土壤中不同形态无机磷转化试验。【结果】菌株Z32鉴定为棘孢青霉菌(Penicillium aculeatum)。菌株Z32能在4d内完全溶解固体培养基中的磷酸三钙,18h内将土豆液体培养基的pH值从7.0降低到1.5左右。菌株Z32在20℃时的定殖效果最好,21d时,菌数达到起始的9.83倍,而且能够保持到49d不消亡。在20℃时,添加菌株Z32的土培实验在21d时,土壤中Ca8H2(PO4)6·5H2O、AlPO4和FePO4等难溶无机磷向可溶性的CaHPO4转化,CaHPO4含量增加了58.83%。49d时,土壤中的Ca8H2(PO4)6·5H2O、AlPO4和和FePO4被转化后,没有随着微生物的减少而完全被固定。【结论】筛选到一株新的溶磷菌株Z32在土壤中很好定殖,能够转化土壤中多种形态的难溶无机磷为可溶性的CaHPO4,显著增加土壤中CaHPO4的含量。同时阻滞了Ca8H2(PO4)6·5H2O、AlPO4和和FePO4等难溶无机磷的固定。     

喜马拉雅东部雅鲁藏布江大峡弯河谷地区植被组成特点

论述了喜马拉雅东部雅鲁藏布江大峡弯河谷地区（即海拔６００～２５００ｍ）的植被组成特征。本地区原始植被主要有：（１）热带低山半常绿雨林,阿丁枫＋千果榄仁群落,阿丁枫＋小果紫薇群落,阿丁枫群落;（２）亚热带常绿阔叶林,刺栲＋阿丁枫群落,刺栲群落,短刺栲＋毛曼青冈＋西藏石栎群落,西藏栎＋毛曼青冈群落,通麦栎群落;（３）亚热带山地半常绿阔叶林,薄片青冈群落,俅江栎群落;（４）常绿针叶林,不丹松群落,喀西松     

胚珠组织的实验操作

1984年9月24—28日在英国伦敦大学召开了一次题为“胚珠组织的实验操作——显微操作、组织培养与生理学”的国际学术讨论会,与会各国学者约50人,我国周光宇教授也应邀出席并作了报告。会后编辑出版了文集《胚珠组织的实验操作》(The Experi-