新疆地区小麦白粉病菌寄主范围的研究

用小麦白粉病菌11个生理小种的混合菌种,对新疆地区的小麦近缘植物的7个属22个种的47份材料进行接种,除6份免疫外,其余均接种成功.用其中6个属19个种的29份小麦近缘植物产生的白粉病菌,对小麦回接,参试的29份材料全部回接成功.小麦白粉病菌对小麦近缘植物的寄生像在小麦上一样,有明显的寄生专化性.感病的小麦近缘植物的78.0%对小麦白粉病菌的感病性,随生育期增长而急剧下降.文中并对小麦白粉病中间寄主的作用进行了讨论.     

皂荚化学成分和生物活性的研究进展

我国的皂荚植物主要有皂荚、山皂荚、野皂荚和三刺皂荚.对皂荚的萜类、黄酮类、酚酸类、甾体类等化学成分及其抗菌、杀虫、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、免疫调节作用等生物学活性进行了综述.     

Phylogenetic analysis of epiphytic marine bacteria on Hole-Rotten diseased sporophytes of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Laminaria japonica</Emphasis>

During an occurrence of Hole-Rotten Disease of Laminaria japonica in a cultivating farm in Ma Shan Shandong province, China, 42 Gram-negative epiphytic marine bacteria were isolated and purified on Zobell 2216E marine agar medium. Morphological and biochemical characteristics of each isolated bacterium were studied, and molecular identification of bacterial strains was conducted with polymerase chain reaction amplification to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Based on nearly full length of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the isolated strains were bacteria that belong to genus Pseudoalteromonas, Vibrio, Halomonas and Bacillus. The percentage of each group was 61.9%, 28.6%, 7.1% and 2.4% respectively. The results of pathogenicity assay showed that 12 strains could cause the disease symptoms in sporophytes of L. japonica. They belonged to the genera Pseudoalteromonas, Vibrio and Halomonas with 58.3%, 33.3%, 8.3% respectively. The results suggest that these bacteria are the dominant marine bacteria on diseased sporophytes of L. japonica and may be the potential pathogenic bacteria associated with Hole-Rotten Disease of L. japonica.     

Mechanisms of Metabonomic for a Gateway Drug: Nicotine Priming Enhances Behavioral Response to Cocaine with Modification in Energy Metabolism and Neurotransmitter Level

Nicotine, one of the most commonly used drugs, has become a major concern because tobacco serves as a gateway drug and is linked to illicit drug abuse, such as cocaine and marijuana. However, previous studies mainly focused on certain genes or neurotransmitters which have already been known to participate in drug addiction, lacking endogenous metabolic profiling in a global view. To further explore the mechanism by which nicotine modifies the response to cocaine, we developed two conditioned place preference (CPP) models in mice. In threshold dose model, mice were pretreated with nicotine, followed by cocaine treatment at the dose of 2 mg/kg, a threshold dose of cocaine to induce CPP in mice. In high-dose model, mice were only treated with 20 mg/kg cocaine, which induced a significant CPP. ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance based on metabonomics was used to investigate metabolic profiles of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and striatum. We found that nicotine pretreatment dramatically increased CPP induced by 2 mg/kg cocaine, which was similar to 20 mg/kg cocaine-induced CPP. Interestingly, metabolic profiles showed considerable overlap between these two models. These overlapped metabolites mainly included neurotransmitters as well as the molecules participating in energy homeostasis and cellular metabolism. Our results show that the reinforcing effect of nicotine on behavioral response to cocaine may attribute to the modification of some specific metabolites in NAc and striatum, thus creating a favorable metabolic environment for enhancing conditioned rewarding effect of cocaine. Our findings provide an insight into the effect of cigarette smoking on cocaine dependence and the underlying mechanism.     

海金沙提取物体外抑菌性能研究

用M／C和纸片法考查了海金沙提取物对藤黄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和乙型溶血性链球菌的抑菌性能。结果表明：海金沙对4种受试菌株都有抑菌活性;37℃时,醇提物对乙型溶血性链球菌的抑菌效果最好,最大抑菌圈为8．5mm;42℃时,对藤黄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草杆菌的抑菌效果最好,最大抑菌圈分别为21、13．2和6．5mm。pH值为7．6时,海金沙醇提物在对藤黄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草杆菌和乙型溶血性链球菌的最大抑菌圈分别为9．1、8．2、9mm和11．3mm。海金沙水提物和醇提物对藤黄球菌、乙型溶血性链球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的最低抑菌质量分数分别为25％、12．5％、12．5％、25％和3．12％、1．56％、6．25％、3．12％．     

Engineering of Plasmin-Resistant Forms of Streptokinase and Their Production in Bacillus subtilis: Streptokinase with Longer Functional Half-Life

The short in vivo half-life of streptokinase limits its efficacy as an efficient blood clot-dissolving agent. During the clot-dissolving process, streptokinase is processed to smaller intermediates by plasmin. Two of the major processing sites are Lys59 and Lys386. We engineered two versions of streptokinase with either one of the lysine residues changed to glutamine and a third version with both mutations. These mutant streptokinase proteins (muteins) were produced by secretion with the protease-deficient Bacillus subtilis WB600 as the host. The purified muteins retained comparable kinetics parameters in plasminogen activation and showed different degrees of resistance to plasmin depending on the nature of the mutation. Muteins with double mutations had half-lives that were extended 21-fold when assayed in a 1:1 molar ratio with plasminogen in vitro and showed better plasminogen activation activity with time in the radial caseinolysis assay. This study indicates that plasmin-mediated processing leads to the inactivation of streptokinase and is not required to convert streptokinase to its active form. Plasmin-resistant forms of streptokinase can be engineered without affecting their activity, and blockage of the N-terminal cleavage site is essential to generate engineered streptokinase with a longer in vitro functional half-life.     

Bisphenol A exposure at an environmentally relevant dose induces meiotic abnormalities in adult male rats

Whether environmental exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) may induce reproductive disorders is still controversial but certain studies have reported that BPA may cause meiotic abnormalities in C. elegans and female mice. However, little is known about the effect of BPA on meiosis in adult males. To determine whether BPA exposure at an environmentally relevant dose could induce meiotic abnormalities in adult male rats, we exposed 9-week-old male Wistar rats to BPA by gavage at 20 μg/kg body weight (bw)/day for 60 consecutive days. We found that BPA significantly increased the proportion of stage VII seminiferous epithelium and decreased the proportion of stage VIII. Consequently, spermiation was inhibited and spermatogenesis was disrupted. Further investigation revealed that BPA exposure delayed meiosis initiation in the early meiotic stage and induced the accumulation of chromosomal abnormalities and meiotic DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the late meiotic stage. The latter event subsequently activated the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related protein kinase (ATM). Our results suggest that long-term exposure to BPA may lead to continuous meiotic abnormalities and ultimately put mammalian reproductive health at risk.     

Expression and characterization of an <Emphasis Type="Italic">α</Emphasis>-glucosidase from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus</Emphasis> JW200 with potential for industrial application

In this study, a new α-glucosidase gene from Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus JW200 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli by a novel heat-shock vector pHsh. The recombinant α-glucosidase exhibited its maximum hydrolytic activity at 70°C and pH 5.0∼5.5. With p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucoside as a substrate and under the optimal condition (70°C, pH 5.5), K _m and V _max of the enzyme was 1.72 mM and 39 U/mg, respectively. The purified α-glucosidase could hydrolyze oligosaccharides with both α-1,4 and α-1,6 linkages. The enzyme also had strong transglycosylation activity when maltose was used as sugar donor. The transglucosylation products towards maltose are isomaltose, maltotriose, panose, isomaltotriose and tetrasaccharides. The enzyme could convert 400 g/L maltose to oligosaccharides with a conversion rate of 52%, and 83% of the oligosaccharides formed were prebiotic isomaltooligosaccharides (containing isomaltose, panose and isomaltotriose).     

DDPH对低氧内皮细胞条件培养液诱导肺动脉平滑肌细胞增殖及α-SM-actin表达的影响

目的探讨1-(2,6-二甲基苯氧基)-2-(3,4-二甲氧基苯乙氨基)丙烷盐酸盐(DDPH)抑制低氧内皮细胞条件培养液(HECCM)诱导肺动脉平滑肌细胞增殖及对α-SM-actin表达的影响.方法利用低氧内皮细胞条件培养液建立猪肺动脉平滑肌细胞(PASMC)的增殖模型;以四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)比色法、α平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SM-actin)为指标,采用免疫细胞化学染色法观察低氧内皮细胞条件培养液对肺动脉平滑肌细胞增殖的影响以及DDPH对低氧内皮细胞条件培养液促肺动脉平滑肌细胞增殖后的逆转效应.结果低氧内皮细胞条件培养液显著促进肺动脉平滑肌细胞增殖,低氧内皮细胞条件培养液促肺动脉平滑肌细胞增殖后,肺动脉平滑肌细胞的表型发生转化,由收缩表型转化为合成表型,肺动脉平滑肌细胞胞浆内的α-SM-actin含量下降;DDPH能显著抑制低氧内皮细胞条件培养液对肺动脉平滑肌细胞的增殖作用,并使肺动脉平滑肌细胞的表型发生逆转,即由合成表型逆转为具有执行正常收缩功能的收缩表型,肺动脉平滑肌细胞胞浆内的α-SM-actin含量回升.结论提示DDPH能显著抑制低氧内皮细胞条件培养液促肺动脉平滑肌细胞的增殖作用,其作用机制可能是通过肺动脉平滑肌细胞的表型发生逆转来实现的.     

Influence of pulsed electromagnetic field with different pulse duty cycles on neurite outgrowth in PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells

The influence of low frequency (50 Hz repetition rate) pulsed electromagnetic field (EMF) on PC12 cell neurite outgrowth in vitro was investigated in this study. We studied the percentage of neurite bearing cells, average length of neurites, and directivity of neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells cultured for 96 h in the presence of nerve growth factor (NGF). PC12 cells were exposed in one incubator to pulsed EMF at 1.36 mT (peak value) generated by a pair of Helmholtz coils, and the control samples were placed in another identical incubator. We found that the pulse duty cycle had significant effect on neurite outgrowth. Low (10%) pulse on-time significantly inhibited the percentage of neurite bearing cells, but at the same time increased the average length of neurites, while 100% on-time (DC) had exactly the opposite effects. Furthermore, we found that neurites were prone to extend along the direction of pulsed EMF with 10% pulse on-time. Our studies show that neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells is sensitive to the pulse duty and this sensitivity was associated with NGF concentration.