糖苷酶的研究及其改造策略

糖苷酶作为水解酶家族的一员,其性质和功能是现在研究的热点。主要阐述了α-甘露糖苷酶、阿拉伯糖苷酶、β-木糖苷酶、β-D-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶、日本曲霉产β-呋喃果糖苷酶、壳三糖苷酶、耐高温β-甘露糖苷酶以及硫代糖苷酶8种常见的糖苷酶及其基本性质。并综述了近几年对糖苷酶的改造、糖基化合物生物改性以及糖苷酶作用机理的研究方法。     

Identification of QTLs for seed and pod traits in soybean and analysis for additive effects and epistatic effects of QTLs among multiple environments

Soybean seed and pod traits are important yield components. Selection for high yield style in seed and pod along with agronomic traits is a goal of many soybean breeders. The intention of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying seed and pod traits in soybean among eleven environments in China. 147 recombinant inbred lines were advanced through single-seed-descent method. The population was derived from a cross between Charleston (an American high yield soybean cultivar) and DongNong594 (a Chinese high yield soybean cultivar). A total of 157 polymorphic simple sequence repeat markers were used to construct a genetic linkage map. The phenotypic data of seed and pod traits [number of one-seed pod, number of two-seed pod, number of three-seed pod, number of four-seed pod, number of (two plus three)-seed pod, number of (three plus four)-seed pod, seed weight per plant, number of pod per plant] were recorded in eleven environments. In the analysis of single environment, fourteen main effect QTLs were identified. In the conjoint analysis of multiple environments, twenty-four additive QTLs were identified, and additive QTLs by environments interactions (AE) were evaluated and analyzed at the same time among eleven environments; twenty-three pairs of epistatic QTLs were identified, and epistasis (additive by additive) by environments interactions (AAE) were also analyzed and evaluated among eleven environments. Comparing the results of identification between single environment mapping and multiple environments conjoint mapping, three main effect QTLs with positive additive values and another three main effect QTLs with negative additive values, had no interactions with all environments, supported that these QTLs could be used in molecular assistant breeding in the future. These different effect QTLs could supply a good foundation to the gene clone and molecular asisstant breeding of soybean seed and pod traits.     

Gene expression of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) leaves exposed to drying

Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schnieder) was used to identify genes regulated by wound–water stress. Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was performed using cDNAs prepared from wounded parts of leaves under drying stress as a tester and cDNAs from unstressed parts of leaves as a driver. A forward-subtracted cDNA library was constructed and positive clones were confirmed by differential screening, resulting in 1344 clones as wound–water stress induced. After sequencing and trimming, 838 sequences were further analyzed. Sequence assembly analysis generated 385 unique ESTs. By referring to NCBI database and the functional categories of Arabidopsis thaliana proteins, 139 ESTs in 13 main categories were annotated. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database was used to evaluate the functions of the ESTs and the pathways in which they are involved. Ninety-six genes were identified by KEGG Orthology (KO) identifier. These genes are involved in 63 pathways. Some pathways, such as energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, translation, and MAPK signaling pathway, are associated with wound–water stress. The results from this study are useful in understanding the genetic regulation process under wound–water stress in jojoba.     

Identification of quantitative trait locus of zinc and phosphorus density in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain

Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for human beings. However, Zn malnutrition has become a major problem throughout the world. Wheat is the most important food crop in the world, therefore, developing Zn-enriched wheat varieties provides an effective approach to reduce Zn malnutrition in human beings. The aim of this study was to understand the genetic control of grain Zn density in wheat and hence, to provide genetic basis for breeding wheat with high grain Zn density using molecular approach. A doubled haploid (DH) population developed from a cross between winter wheat varieties Hanxuan10 and Lumai 14 was used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for Zn concentration and content in wheat grains. In addition, phosphorus (P) concentration and content in wheat grain were also investigated to examine possible interactions between these two nutrients. The wheat grains used in this study were harvested from the plants grown under normal condition in a field trial. We found the grain Zn concentrations of the DH population varied from 25.9 to 50.5 mg/kg and the Zn content varied from 0.90 to 2.21 μg/seed. The grain P concentrations of the DH population varied from 0.258 to 0.429 mg/kg, and the P contents varied from 0.083 to 0.186 mg/seed. A significant positive correlation was observed between Zn and P density in this experiment. The results showed that both grain Zn and P densities were controlled by polygenes. Four and seven QTLs for Zn concentration and Zn content were detected, respectively. All the four QTLs for Zn concentration co-located with the QTLs for Zn content, suggesting a possibility to improve both grain Zn concentration and content simultaneously. Four and six QTLs for P concentration and P content were detected, respectively. The two QTLs for grain Zn concentration on chromosomes 4A and 4D co-located with the QTLs for P concentration. The four QTLs for grain Zn content on chromosome 2D, 3A and 4A co-located with the QTLs for P contents, reflecting the positive correlations between the grain Zn and P density, and providing possibility of improving grain micro- and macronutrient density simultaneously in wheat. In order to improve human health, the effect of P–Zn relation in grain on the Zn bioavailability should also be considered in the future work.     

极端干旱区绿洲生态用地规划

从保障极端干旱区生态安全、生物多样性以及土地资源的合理配置的目的出发,采用最小累积阻力模型,分析于田县生态源地空间扩张的最小阻力分布,在此基础上对生态用地保护的重要性进行分级,进而设置生态用地规划情景,同时对影响于田县生态用地空间分布的驱动因素进行了探讨。结果表明:(1)于田县生态用地分为生态核心区、生态控制区、生态过渡区、生态保护区4种类型,其面积分别为9622.20、1078.45、10846.70、8322.65 km~2,其中生态核心区和生态控制区主要分布在研究区南部昆仑山谷地和克里雅河及相关支流水域等沿岸;生态过渡区和生态保护区主要分布在东部和北部广大的荒漠戈壁区域。(2)于田县生态用地规划受到自然和社会经济因素多方面的制约,具体表现在受绿洲经济的发展、环境绿化建设、城镇化以及人口和收入等主要因子的影响。于田县生态用地规划以期为极端干旱区绿洲生态用地合理开发和保护提供了重要科学依据。     

谷子主要育成品种在新疆的遗传多样性研究

以274份谷子种质资源为材料,利用聚类分析和主成分分析方法,对参试资源16个农艺性状的遗传多样性进行综合评价。结果表明,参试材料的11个数量性状的遗传多样性指数均大于2.000,在新疆表现出广泛的遗传多样性。基于种质资源间形态标记的遗传差异,将274份谷子种质资源聚类并划分为6大类群。第Ⅰ类群(105份材料)生育期较短,属早熟类型,但其他性状表现一般;第Ⅱ类群(19份材料)出苗-抽穗日数最小,全生育期最短,早熟性明显,穗下节间长度相对其他类群较长;第Ⅲ类群(10份材料)生育期较短,主穗长相对较长,其余性状表现均处于较低水平;第Ⅳ类群(58份材料)主穗长、单穗重在各类群中处于较高水平,生育期相对较短;第Ⅴ类群(26份材料)生育期最长,属晚熟类型,除主穗长度最小外其余性状均表现突出;第Ⅵ类群(56份材料)生育期相对较长,属中晚熟类型,株高较低,生物产量处于中等水平。9个数量性状的主成分分析结果表明,前3个主成分因子(单株秆重、株高、主穗直径)累计贡献率达70.41%,各主成分因子性状载荷值反映了育种中各性状的选择方向及潜力。综合评价谷子种质资源农艺性状,为新疆谷子资源收集、评价和利用提供一定的科学依据。     

转cry1Ab/cry2Aj和G10evo-epsps基因玉米中Bt蛋白的时空表达及抗性评价

【目的】探讨转cry1Ab/cry2Aj和G10evo-epsps基因玉米双抗505-12-5中外源Bt蛋白时空表达规律,对3种主要鳞翅目害虫亚洲玉米螟、黏虫和棉铃虫的抗性进行鉴定,为转基因玉米双抗505-12-5的商业化推广提供科学的数据支撑。【方法】Bt蛋白时空表达规律采用酶联免疫法(ELISA),田间抗虫性和室内抗虫性鉴定分别采用田间人工接虫和离体组织生测方法。【结果】在玉米6~8叶期,Bt含量表现为根心叶茎,分别为517.3、453.8和312.8 ng·g~(-1);大喇叭口期,Bt含量表现为心叶根茎,分别为353.3、281.3和232.9 ng·g~(-1);吐丝期,Bt含量表现为心叶根茎,分别为188.9、114.1和53.6 ng·g~(-1);乳熟期,根、茎和心叶含量相当,分别为178.0、160.3和185.4 ng·g~(-1);繁殖器官中Bt蛋白含量表现为籽粒花丝花粉雄穗,分别为181.3、100.1、95.0和79.8 ng·g~(-1)。室内抗虫性鉴定表明,转基因玉米双抗505-12-5心叶饲喂黏虫24 h,幼虫死亡率低,但48 h后达98.21%;双抗505-12-5心叶、花丝和籽粒饲喂玉米螟,24 h幼虫死亡率分别为87.37%、100%、100%;双抗505-12-5花丝饲喂棉铃虫,24 h幼虫死亡率达80.18%,48 h死亡率为92.45%。田间鉴定结果显示,转基因玉米双抗505-12-5在心叶期和雌穗期对玉米螟、心叶期对黏虫、雌穗期对棉铃虫的抗性均达高抗水平。【结论】转基因玉米双抗505-12-5各器官在不同生育期中均能表达Bt蛋白,尤其在鳞翅目害虫为害的主要时期6~8叶期和吐丝期及乳熟期,易受害器官中Bt蛋白表达量较高。转基因玉米双抗505-12-5田间及室内对3种鳞翅目害虫均表现了显著的抗性效果,具有推广应用的潜力。     

油菜素内酯生物合成与功能的研究进展

植物激素油菜素内酯广泛调节植物的生长发育及对外界环境因子变化的反应, 在作物上的应用也已引起人们的广泛兴趣。通过遗传学等手段对相关突变体及功能基因的研究为其生物合成与功能研究提供了基础。本文总结了油菜素内酯在植物各组织内的分布、生物合成、相关合成突变体及其编码基因的性质、生理功能以及与其它激素间的相互作用等。