染色体片段导入系在作物遗传育种中的应用

准确而有效的定位农作物数量性状基因座(Quantitative Trait Loci,QTLs)是植物分子育种的核心,传统的QTL定位群体遗传背景复杂,受群体大小和统计方法等多方面的限制,难以达到QTL精细定位。随着分子标记技术、计算机统计软件及分子辅助选择的飞速发展,一种新的QTL定位群体脱颖而出,这就是染色体片段导入系(Chromosome Segment Introgression Lines,CSILs)。它不但能有效消除"遗传背景噪音"对QTL定位的干扰,还能够在群体中挖掘出大量的有利隐蔽基因,对农作物遗传育种的进一步发展有巨大贡献。对染色体片段导入系的优越性,应用范围以及应用前景作以综述。     

珍稀濒危植物香果树胚性细胞悬浮系的建立和植株再生

以香果树（Emmenopterys henry,）未成熟种子为试材,探讨不同的接种量、基本培养基、糖浓度及植物生长调节物质等对体细胞胚胎生长的影响,建立稳定的香果树胚性细胞悬浮培养与植株再生体系。结果表明：悬浮培养条件下,最适接种量为2％（鲜重）：较适合的基本培养基为MS;蔗糖浓度为1％时容易使球形胚聚合体愈伤化,浓度为3％和6％适合球形胚聚合体增殖。浓度为9％则容易使球形胚聚合体褐化：添加0．5mg·L^-1 6-BA和0．5mg·L^-1NAA的MS液体培养基,当初始蔗糖浓度为3％。然后逐步提高到6％则有利于香果树各个发育阶段的同步化;子叶胚转到不含任何植物生长调节物质的MS固体培养基中可以长成正常植株。     

Oxidative stress and covalent modification of protein with bioactive aldehydes

The term "oxidative stress" links the production of reactive oxygen species to a variety of metabolic outcomes, including insulin resistance, immune dysfunction, and inflammation. Antioxidant defense systems down-regulated due to disease and/or aging result in oxidatively modified DNA, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Increased production of hydroxyl radical leads to the formation of lipid hydroperoxides that produce a family of alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes. Such reactive aldehydes are subject to Michael addition reactions with the side chains of lysine, histidine, and cysteine residues, referred to as "protein carbonylation." Although not widely appreciated, reactive lipids can accumulate to high levels in cells, resulting in extensive protein modification leading to either loss or gain of function. The use of mass spectrometric methods to identify the site and extent of protein carbonylation on a proteome-wide scale has expanded our view of how oxidative stress can regulate cellular processes.     

Growth inhibition of the cyanobacterium Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis by 1.7 MHz ultrasonic irradiation

Ultrasonic waves of high frequency (1.7 MHz) and low intensity (0.6 W cm^–2) were employed to prevent cyanobacterial cells from growing fast and the effects of this growth inhibition were investigated. At least five minutes of ultrasonic irradiation was essential for effective inhibition. The growth rate of irradiated cells was reduced to 38.9% of the control during short-term culture. Longer exposure did not significantly enhance the inhibition. For a particular level of energy input, distributed ultrasonic exposure (more short intermittent exposures) was more effective in inhibiting growth than fewer, but longer exposures. For instance, the final biomass decreased to 30.1% of the control after ultrasonic irradiation for 4 minutes every 3 days, whereas it only decreased to 60% of the control with exposure for 12 minutes every 11 days. It is suggested that distributed ultrasonic irradiation is a practical method to prevent cyanobacterial cells from fast growth. A possible explanation for the inhibition is discussed in relation to cell structure, the absorption spectrum of intact cells, chlorophyll level and oxygen evolution.     

Sepsis,complement and the dysregulated inflammatory response

Sepsis in human beings is a major problem involving many individuals and with a high death rate. Except for a single drug (recombinant activated protein C) that has been approved for treatment of septic patients, supportive measures represent the main clinical approach. There are many models of experimental sepsis, mostly in rodents. A commonly used model is cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). In this model, robust activation of complement occurs together with up-regulation of C5a receptors (C5aR, C5L2) in a variety of different organs (lungs, kidneys, liver, heart). In septic human beings there is abundant evidence for complement activation. Interception of C5a or its receptors in the CLP model greatly improves survival in septic rodents. There is compelling evidence that CLP causes an intense pro-inflammatory state and that C5a interaction with its receptors can be linked to apoptosis of the lymphoid system and cells of the adrenal medulla, loss of innate immune functions of blood neutrophils, consumptive coagulopathy and cardiac dysfunction. These findings may have implications for therapeutic interventions in human beings with sepsis.