中国典型森林生态系统土壤水分时空分异及其影响因素

森林土壤水分作为物质与能量循环的载体影响林木生长与发育,并通过影响水分在陆气之间的循环与分配影响区域气候。基于我国不同气候带的9个森林生态系统定位观测站的长期观测数据,探究了2005-2016年中国典型森林生态系统土壤水分的空间分异及其时间动态,并进一步分析了影响其时空分异的环境因素。主要研究结论如下：（1）9个森林生态系统的土壤水分多年均值介于12.45%-36.30%之间,空间上呈现中温带、亚热带、热带土壤水分较高,暖温带土壤水分较低的分布特征。降水蒸散差（降水与蒸散的差值）可以解释我国森林生态系统土壤水分空间分异的62%（P<0.05）;（2）我国北部与东部季风区森林区域土壤水分呈上升趋势,降水上升是主因,其中暖温带北京、南亚热带鼎湖山与鹤山森林土壤水分上升趋势显著,增幅分别为0.67%/a、1.72%/a与0.69%/a;西南地区森林生态系统土壤水分呈下降趋势,该趋势由降水下降与蒸散上升共同导致,其中中亚热带贡嘎山及哀牢山森林生态系统土壤水分下降趋势显著,降幅分别为-1.77%/a与-0.94%/a;土壤水分时间分异与降水蒸散差的相关性最高（R=0.59,P<0.01）;（3）土壤水分呈下降趋势的森林生态系统中,春季土壤水分变化主导了年际变化,土壤水分上升的森林生态系统中,年际变化则是由秋、冬季主导。（4）与ERA-interim土壤水分再分析数据比较得出,两者在空间格局与变化趋势上均具有较高的一致性。CERN土壤水分观测数据反映了无人为干扰的自然条件下森林土壤-植被-气候之间的反馈作用,可为基于模型的土壤水分研究提供长时序的验证数据。     

鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林不同成熟度群落特征的比较

研究不同成熟度群落物种的共存状态,了解群落演替过程中结构的动态变化,对揭示森林不同发育时期的群落构建机制具有重要意义。本研究基于鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林20 ha固定监测样地(以下简称鼎湖山大样地)2010年植被调查的数据,根据径级与林龄将鼎湖山大样地划分为成熟林和过熟林两个斑块,对其群落物种组成、区系特征及径级结构进行了初步的比较。研究发现:(1)成熟林和过熟林种类组成的群落相似性系数高、物种多样性指数相近,以及锥栗(Castanopsis chinensis)重要值相似,但物种数、密度、总胸高断面积、物种重要值等有所不同;(2)热带区系成分在两个斑块均占优势,但以过熟林的比例较高;(3)两个斑块虽然所有活立木径级结构分布均呈倒"J"型,但在同径级个体群重要值比较中,成熟林中径级个体群重要值较高,而过熟林则是大径级个体群重要值较高。由此可见,鼎湖山大样地的成熟林与过熟林虽属于同一类群落的演替顶极阶段,但群落结构上却存在差异,推测在林窗作用下不同发育时期的群落存在不同的构建过程。     

DNA-methylation profiling distinguishes malignant melanomas from benign nevi

DNA methylation, an epigenetic alteration typically occurring early in cancer development, could aid in the molecular diagnosis of melanoma. We determined technical feasibility for high-throughput DNA-methylation array-based profiling using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues for selection of candidate DNA-methylation differences between melanomas and nevi. Promoter methylation was evaluated in 27 common benign nevi and 22 primary invasive melanomas using a 1505 CpG site microarray. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering distinguished melanomas from nevi; 26 CpG sites in 22 genes were identified with significantly different methylation levels between melanomas and nevi after adjustment for age, sex, and multiple comparisons and with β-value differences of ≥ 0.2. Prediction analysis for microarrays identified 12 CpG loci that were highly predictive of melanoma, with area under the receiver operating characteristic curves of > 0.95. Of our panel of 22 genes, 14 were statistically significant in an independent sample set of 29 nevi (including dysplastic nevi) and 25 primary invasive melanomas after adjustment for age, sex, and multiple comparisons. This first report of a DNA-methylation signature discriminating melanomas from nevi indicates that DNA methylation appears promising as an additional tool for enhancing melanoma diagnosis.     

Nonconventional CD8+ T cell responses to Listeria infection in mice lacking MHC class Ia and H2-M3

CD8(+) T cells restricted to MHC class Ib molecules other than H2-M3 have been shown to recognize bacterial Ags. However, the contribution of these T cells to immune responses against bacterial infection is not well defined. To investigate the immune potential of MHC class Ib-restricted CD8(+) T cells, we have generated mice that lack both MHC class Ia and H2-M3 molecules (K(b-/-)D (b-/-)M3(-/-)). The CD8(+) T cells present in K(b-/-)D (b-/-)M3(-/-) mice display an activated surface phenotype and are able to secrete IFN-γ rapidly upon anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 stimulation. Although the CD8(+) T cell population is reduced in K(b-/-)D (b-/-)M3(-/-) mice compared with that in K(b-/-)D (b-/-) mice, this population retains the capacity to expand significantly in response to primary infection with the bacteria Listeria monocytogenes. However, K(b-/-)D (b-/-)M3(-/-) CD8(+) T cells do not expand upon secondary infection, similar to what has been observed for H2-M3-restricted T cells. CD8(+) T cells isolated from Listeria-infected K(b-/-)D (b-/-)M3(-/-) mice exhibit cytotoxicity and secrete proinflammatory cytokines in response to Listeria-infected APCs. These T cells are protective against primary Listeria infection, as Listeria-infected K(b-/-)D (b-/-)M3(-/-) mice exhibit reduced bacterial burden compared with that of infected β(2)-microglobulin-deficient mice that lack MHC class Ib-restricted CD8(+) T cells altogether. In addition, adoptive transfer of Listeria-experienced K(b-/-)D (b-/-)M3(-/-) splenocytes protects recipient mice against subsequent Listeria infection in a CD8(+) T cell-dependent manner. These data demonstrate that other MHC class Ib-restricted CD8(+) T cells, in addition to H2-M3-restricted T cells, contribute to antilisterial immunity and may contribute to immune responses against other intracellular bacteria.     

九连小蘖悬浮培养细胞生理生化研究 Ⅰ.细胞生长与培养液的电导率和过氧化物酶活性的变化

本文报道了九连小蘖细胞悬浮培养过程中,细胞生长与培养液的电导率、pH值、可溶性糖含量及过氨化物酶活性的变化。实验表明细胞生长曲线与培养液的电导率、可溶性糖含量变化的曲线恰成镜像关系。而细胞生长曲线与培养液的过氨化物酶活性变化的曲线相互平行。从而,可以通过监测培养液的电导率和过氧化物酶活性的变化来了解细胞生长状况,并可作为植物细胞培养过程中生物量增长的参考指标。     

贵州省鲤形目鱼类一新纪录——大眼卷口鱼

2014年8月19—21日,在贵州省罗甸龙滩库区进行鱼类资源调查时,在一渔民的渔获物中采集到1尾鲤形目鱼类标本,经鉴定为大眼卷口鱼Ptychidio macrops,系贵州省鱼类新纪录。标本保存于黔南民族师范学院动物标本室。本文对该标本进行形态描述,并首次记述了鳍条皮褶这一独特性状。该标本与广西标本在体长/头长、头长/尾柄长、头长/尾柄高、吻须长/眼径、颌须长/眼径、流苏、肛门的位置、腹鳍基腹面特大鳞片等性状方面有一定差异。大眼卷口鱼为珍稀濒危物种,分布范围狭窄,此纪录扩大了其分布范围,也为进一步研究大眼卷口鱼和卷口鱼属这一中国特有属提供了基础资料。     

Determinants of change in subtropical tree diameter growth with ontogenetic stage

We evaluated the degree to which relative growth rate (RGR) of saplings and large trees is related to seven functional traits that describe physiological behavior and soil environmental factors related to topography and fertility for 57 subtropical tree species in Dinghushan, China. The mean values of functional traits and soil environmental factors for each species that were related to RGR varied with ontogenetic stage. Sapling RGR showed greater relationships with functional traits than large-tree RGR, whereas large-tree RGR was more associated with soil environment than was sapling RGR. The strongest single predictors of RGR were wood density for saplings and slope aspect for large trees. The stepwise regression model for large trees accounted for a larger proportion of variability (R ² = 0.95) in RGR than the model for saplings (R ² = 0.55). Functional diversity analysis revealed that the process of habitat filtering likely contributes to the substantial changes in regulation of RGR as communities transition from saplings to large trees.     

Distinct regulation of Ubc13 functions by the two ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme variants Mms2 and Uev1A

Ubc13, a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (Ubc), requires the presence of a Ubc variant (Uev) for polyubiquitination. Uevs, although resembling Ubc in sequence and structure, lack the active site cysteine residue and are catalytically inactive. The yeast Uev (Mms2) incites noncanonical Lys63-linked polyubiquitination by Ubc13, whereas the increased diversity of Uevs in higher eukaryotes suggests an unexpected complication in ubiquitination. In this study, we demonstrate that divergent activities of mammalian Ubc13 rely on its pairing with either of two Uevs, Uev1A or Mms2. Structurally, we demonstrate that Mms2 and Uev1A differentially modulate the length of Ubc13-mediated Lys63-linked polyubiquitin chains. Functionally, we describe that Ubc13-Mms2 is required for DNA damage repair but not nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation, whereas Ubc13-Uev1A is involved in NF-kappaB activation but not DNA repair. Our finding suggests a novel regulatory mechanism in which different Uevs direct Ubcs to diverse cellular processes through physical interaction and alternative polyubiquitination.     

Antigenic profile of avian H5N1 viruses in Asia from 2002 to 2007

Antigenic profiles of post-2002 H5N1 viruses representing major genetic clades and various geographic sources were investigated using a panel of 17 monoclonal antibodies raised from five H5N1 strains. Four antigenic groups from seven clades of H5N1 virus were distinguished and characterized based on their cross-reactivity to the monoclonal antibodies in hemagglutination inhibition and cell-based neutralization assays. Genetic polymorphisms associated with the variation of antigenicity of H5N1 strains were identified and further verified in antigenic analysis with recombinant H5N1 viruses carrying specific mutations in the hemagglutinin protein. Modification of some of these genetic variations produced marked improvement to the immunogenicity and cross-reactivity of H5N1 strains in assays utilizing monoclonal antibodies and ferret antisera raised against clade 1 and 2 H5N1 viruses, suggesting that these sites represent antigenically significant amino acids. These results provide a comprehensive antigenic profile for H5N1 virus strains circulating in recent years and will facilitate the recognition of emerging antigenic variants of H5N1 virus and aid in the selection of vaccine strains.