三峡库区稀有植物裸芸香的遗传多样性和保育策略

采用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)对采自长江三峡库区丰都(FD)、巫溪(WX)、巫山(WS)、巴东(BD)、兴山(XS)、秭归(ZG)6个自然居群的128份裸芸香(Psilopeganum sinense)样品进行了基因组DNA多态性分析。用13条引物,共扩增出85条谱带,其中57条多态带,多态位点占67．06％。6个居群的多态位点比率分别为25．97％(FD)、29．73％(WX)、24．32%(WC),43．21％(BD)、30．26％(XS)、39．19％(ZG)。用POPGENE 1．31版和NTSYS 2．10版软件对数据进行分析,结果显示：裸芸香具有较高的遗传多样性,居群总的Neis'基因多样性为0．2082,总Shannon信息多样性指数为0．3196;但各个居群内部遗传多样性较低,居群内平均Neis'基因多样性为0．1094,平均Shannon信息多样性指数为0．1641;居群间的基因分化系数Gst=0．5391,基因流Nm=0．4275,居群间基因分化大于居群内基因分化,居群间的基因交流相当少。UPGMA聚类可将6个居群分为两大类：丰都居群和以巴东居群为地理中心呈星散状分布的其他5个居群。居群间的遗传距离与地理距离呈显著正相关(r=0．93094,P=0．9861)。最后我们初步探讨了裸芸香的濒危原因,并提出了有效保护该物种的措施。     

Analyses and comparison of accuracy of different genotype imputation methods

The power of genetic association analyses is often compromised by missing genotypic data which contributes to lack of significant findings, e.g., in in silico replication studies. One solution is to impute untyped SNPs from typed flanking markers, based on known linkage disequilibrium (LD) relationships. Several imputation methods are available and their usefulness in association studies has been demonstrated, but factors affecting their relative performance in accuracy have not been systematically investigated. Therefore, we investigated and compared the performance of five popular genotype imputation methods, MACH, IMPUTE, fastPHASE, PLINK and Beagle, to assess and compare the effects of factors that affect imputation accuracy rates (ARs). Our results showed that a stronger LD and a lower MAF for an untyped marker produced better ARs for all the five methods. We also observed that a greater number of haplotypes in the reference sample resulted in higher ARs for MACH, IMPUTE, PLINK and Beagle, but had little influence on the ARs for fastPHASE. In general, MACH and IMPUTE produced similar results and these two methods consistently outperformed fastPHASE, PLINK and Beagle. Our study is helpful in guiding application of imputation methods in association analyses when genotype data are missing.     

武汉市51种园林植物的气体交换特性

对湖北武汉市5个绿地共51种园林植物的气体交换特性的研究表明: 不同绿地间、灌木与乔木间、落叶与常绿植物间的光合能力(A_max)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和光合水分利用效率(PWUE)均有显著差异。绿地间的气体交换特性差异主要表现在物种间, 不同绿地间的小气候或环境差异影响很小。根据51种植物的A_max、T_r和PWUE, 可将它们划分为3大类群。其中大部分植物属于低光合低水分利用型(38种), 其次为高光合高蒸腾型(10种), 低耗水高水分利用型最少, 仅有花榈木(Ormosia henryi)、银木(Cinnamomum septentrionale)和黄心夜合(Michelia bedinieri) 3种。     

Mutation Patterns at Dinucleotide Microsatellite Loci in Humans

Microsatellites are a major type of molecular markers in genetics studies. Their mutational dynamics are not clear. We investigated the patterns and characteristics of 97 mutation events unambiguously identified, from 53 multigenerational pedigrees with 630 subjects, at 362 autosomal dinucleotide microsatellite loci. A size-dependent mutation bias (in which long alleles are biased toward contraction, whereas short alleles are biased toward expansion) is observed. There is a statistically significant negative relationship between the magnitude (repeat numbers changed during mutation) and direction (contraction or expansion) of mutations and standardized allele size. Contrasting with earlier findings in humans, most mutation events (63%) in our study are multistep events that involve changes of more than one repeat unit. There was no correlation between mutation rate and recombination rate. Our data indicate that mutational dynamics at microsatellite loci are more complicated than the generalized stepwise mutation models.     

巴东木莲等位酶的遗传多样性

采用超薄平板聚丙烯酰胺等电聚焦技术对中国特有濒危植物巴东木莲(Manglietia patungensis Hu)的遗传多样性进行了初步的分析。通过对8个酶系统18个酶位点的检测,结果表明,巴东木莲具有较高的遗传多样性。种水平多态位点的百分数(Ps)为66．7,平均预期杂合度(He)为0．178。高于多年生木本植物的平均水平。居群间分化系数为0．107,说明巴东木莲的遗传变异的89．3％来自于居群内。     

几种植物精油及单体对栗疫病病菌的抑制作用

栗疫病 ( Cryphonectria parasitica)是一种世界范围的林木病害 ,2 0世纪上半叶不到50年的时间里栗疫病将美洲栗几乎毁灭 [1 ] ,欧洲栗也曾遭受巨大损害[2 ] ,中国板栗一向被认为是最抗栗疫病的 [3] ,但由于栽培制度的改变、种质资源的频繁交流、单一化品种的应用等原因 ,原有相对平衡的寄主——病原物系统被迅速打破 ,我国部分地区的栗疫病已经造成了较大损失[4] 。由于欧洲栗的栗疫病菌群体遗传结构较为单一 ,欧洲人利用含有ds RNA的低毒力栗疫病菌菌株对欧洲栗的栗疫病进行生物防治取得了成功 [5] ,但因为这种 ds RNA一般只在具有营养…     

Genetic interactions between Drosophila melanogaster Atg1 and paxillin reveal a role for paxillin in autophagosome formation

Autophagy is a conserved cellular process of macromolecule recycling that involves vesicle-mediated degradation of cytoplasmic components. Autophagy plays essential roles in normal cell homeostasis and development, the response to stresses such as nutrient starvation, and contributes to disease processes including cancer and neurodegeneration. Although many of the autophagy components identified from genetic screens in yeast are well conserved in higher organisms, the mechanisms by which this process is regulated in any species are just beginning to be elucidated. In a genetic screen in Drosophila melanogaster, we have identified a link between the focal adhesion protein paxillin and the Atg1 kinase, which has been previously implicated in autophagy. In mammalian cells, we find that paxillin is redistributed from focal adhesions during nutrient deprivation, and paxillin-deficient cells exhibit defects in autophagosome formation. Together, these findings reveal a novel evolutionarily conserved role for paxillin in autophagy.     

注意植物迁地保护中的遗传风险

稀有濒危植物迁地保护的长期目标之一就是要保护物种的遗传多样性和进化潜力。介绍了稀有濒危植物在植物园迁地保护过程中存在的一系列遗传风险。由于引种或取样的不足,容易导致被保存的物种缺乏足够的遗传代表性;盲目的引种、不合理的定植以及材料的来源不清则会导致稀有濒危植物的遗传混杂、近交衰退或杂交衰退;人为选择和生长环境的改变也容易造成濒危物种对迁地保护的遗传适应。在实际的迁地保护工作中,这些遗传风险往往被忽视。植物迁地保护中遗传风险将严重影响稀有濒危物种的回归和恢复。植物园应当重视濒危植物的遗传管理,以降低或避免迁地保护中的遗传风险。Abstract: Conserving genetic diversity of rare and endangered species and their evolutionary potential is one of the long-term goals of ex-situ conservation. Some potential genetic risks in ex-situ conservation in botanical gardens are presented. The preserved species may lack genetic representativity because of poor sampling. Inappropriate plantations, inadequate records and unclear kinships jeopardize endangered species to genetic confusion, inbreeding depression or outbreeding depression. Artificial selection and habitat conversion also potentially result endangered plants in adapting to ex-situ conservation, which had been usually overlooked. All the genetic risks can decrease the success of reintroduction and recovery. Therefore, appropriate genetic management should be carried out in botanical gardens to decrease or avoid genetic risks in ex-situ conservation.     

三峡库区特有种疏花水柏枝的保护遗传学研究

采用超薄平板微型聚丙烯酰胺等电聚焦电泳方法对三峡库区特有种疏花水柏枝 (Myricarialaxiflora)的 13个自然居群和 1个人工迁地保护居群的等位酶遗传变异进行了初步研究。检测了 5个酶系统 ,得到 13个等位酶位点 ,遗传多样性及其遗传结构分析结果表明 :疏花水柏枝具有较高水平的遗传多样性 ,平均多态位点比率P =78.7% ,每位点平均等位基因数A =1.8,平均预期杂合度He=0 .317,高于中国植物特有种的平均水平 ,且群体中杂合基因型个体偏多 ;其遗传变异主要发生于居群内 ( 84.86 % ) ,居群间又存在一定的遗传分化 (Gst=0 .15 14) ,居群间平均基因流Nm =1.40 1,居群间遗传距离为 0 .0 0 2～ 0 .176 ;UPGMA聚类分析显示疏花水柏枝在三峡湖北境内的白水河—泄滩一带分为上游和下游 2个居群组 ;武汉植物园迁地保护的混合居群基本保育了其遗传多样性总水平。在分析讨论疏花水柏枝遗传多样性与其繁育系统、生境及其起源进化的关系的基础上 ,探讨了疏花水柏枝濒危的主要原因 ,推断其应为第四纪冰期影响后的古孑遗种。最后 ,在评价迁地保护成果的基础上 ,提出了今后进一步保育的策略。     

Association of Serum Uric Acid with 2-Hour Postload Glucose in Chinese with Impaired Fasting Plasma Glucose and/or HbA1c

Objective

To examine whether serum uric acid (SUA) is associated with 2-hour postload glucose (2-h PG) in Chinese with impaired fasting plasma glucose (IFG) and/or HbA1c (IA1C).

Research Design and Methods

Anthropometric and biochemical examinations, such as SUA concentration, were performed in 3763 individuals from all the villages in Baqiao County, China. A 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was conducted in 1197 Chinese with prediabetes as having IFG (110≤ fasting plasma glucose [FPG] <126 mg/dl and HbA1c <6.5%), IA1C (5.7% ≤ HbA1c <6.5% and FPG <126 mg/dl), or both.

Results

The present study included 1197 participants with IFG and/or IA1C (mean age 56.5±10.3 years; 50.6% men). In multivariate linear regression, after adjustment for gender, age, smoking and drinking, body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), lipid profiles, logarithmic transformed C-reactive protein (log-CRP), estimated glomerular filtration rate (e-GFR), FPG and HbA1c, with a 1-mg/dl increment of SUA, 2-h PG increased by 5.04±0.72 (P<0.001), 3.06±1.08 (P = 0.001), 5.40±1.26 (P<0.001), and 2.34±2.16 mg/dl (P = 0.056) in all participants, in participants with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and with 2-h newly diagnosed diabetes (2-h NDM, with 2-h PG ≥200 mg/dl), respectively. In both men and women, 2-h PG increased progressively and significantly from the lower to the upper SUA tertiles (P<0.001). Moreover, in multivariate logistic regression, 1-standard deviation (SD; 1.53 mg/dl) increment of SUA was significantly associated with a 36% higher risk for 2-h NDM (Odds ratio [CI 95%]: 1.36 [1.09–1.99]; P = 0.03).

Conclusions

SUA is significantly associated with 2-h PG in Chinese with IFG and/or IA1C.