Genetic differentiation in carbon isotope discrimination and gas exchange in Pseudotsuga menziesii

Patterns of genetic variation in gas-exchange physiology were analyzed in a 15-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) plantation that contains 25 populations grown from seed collected from across the natural distribution of the species. Seed was collected from 33°30 to 53°12 north latitude and from 170 m to 2930 m above sea level, and from the coastal and interior (Rocky Mountain) varieties of the species. Carbon isotope discrimination () ranged from 19.70() to 22.43() and was closely related to geographic location of the seed source. The coastal variety (20.50 (SE=0.21)) was not significantly different from the interior variety (20.91 (0.15)). Instead, most variation was found within the interior variety; populations from the southern Rockies had the highest discrimination (21.53 (0.20)) (lowest water-use efficiency). Carbon isotope discrimination (), stomatal conductance to water vapor (g), the ratio of intercellular to ambient CO₂ concentration (c_i/c_a), and intrinsic water-use efficiency (A/g) were all correlated with altitude of origin (r=0.76, 0.73, 0.74, and –0.63 respectively); all were statistically significant at the 0.01 level. The same variables were correlated with both height and diameter at age 15 (all at P0.0005). Observed patterns in the common garden did not conform to our expectation of higher WUE, measured by both A/g and , in trees from the drier habitats of the interior, nor did they agree with published in situ observations of decreasing g and with altitude. The genetic effect opposes the altitudinal one, leading to some degree of homeostasis in physiological characteri tics in situ.     

Control of Brennandania lambi (Acari: Pygmephoroidea) by freezing: evaluation of its efficacy and effects on mushroom growth and yield

Laboratory and field studies were conducted to evaluate freezing as a control measure against Brennandania lambi (Krczal) which infests cultivated mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) in Shanghai primarily through contaminated spawn. Laboratory experiments showed that exposure of contaminated spawn at -10° C for 24 h killed all stages of B. lambi. These mites probably died due to the freezing of body tissues during sustained exposure at -10° C for 24 h. because the supercooling points for the egg, active larva, quiescent larva, non-gravid adult and gravid adult of B. lambi were respectively -11.34, -10.96, -11.43, -7.65 and -11.20° C, whereas the freezing points were respectively -6.68, -6.84. -6.56, -3.96 and -6.75 °C. Semi-field experiments showed that compost inoculated with B. lambi-infested spawn that had been exposed at -10 °C for 24 h had no mite infestation during spawn running and thus mycelium growth was normal. Laboratory and field experiments during 1989 to spring 1990 showed that freezing spawn had no effect on mushroom yield. Further field experiments in two farms during fall 1990 showed no effect of freezing spawn on yield in one farm and increased yield in the other farm. A field experiment during 1991 to 1992 also indicated that freezing spawn -10 °C for 24 h to 34 h had no effect on mushroom yield.     

Map-based cloning in crop plants: tomato as a model system II. Isolation and characterization of a set of overlapping yeast artificial chromosomes encompassing the jointless locus

Constructs carrying the entire or part of the tobacco nitrate reductase cDNA (NIA) cloned between the promoter and terminator sequences of the 35S RNA of the cauliflower mosaic virus were introduced into tobacco, in an attempt to improve nitrate assimilation. Several transgenic plants that had elevated NIA mRNA and nitrate reductase (NR) activity were obtained. In addition, a few plants that exhibited a chlorotic phenotype characteristic of NR-deficient mutants were also obtained. One of these plants contained no NIA mRNA, no NR activity and accumulated nitrate. This phenotype was therefore assumed to result from co-suppression of 35S-NIA transgenes and host NIA genes. NR-deficient plants were also found among the progeny of transformants overexpressing NIA mRNA. Genetic analyses indicated that these NR-deficient plants were homozygous for the 35S-NIA transgene, although not all homozygous plants were deficient for NR. The ratio of normal to NR-deficient plants in the progeny of homozygous plants remained constant at each generation, irrespective of the state of expression of the NIA genes (active or inactive) in the previous generation. This ratio also remained unchanged when field trials were performed in two areas of France: Versailles and Bergerac. The analysis of homozygous plants revealed that co-suppression was reversible at some stage of sexual reproduction. Indeed, host genes and transgenes reactivated at each generation, and co-suppression always appeared after a lag period of normal growth, suggesting that the phenomenon is developmentaly regulated. We observed that the triggering of cosuppression was delayed when plants were initially grown under limited light and/or watered with limited nitrate supply (light and nitrate both being required for the expression of the host NIA genes). However, this delay did not affect the final ratio between normal and NR-deficient plants after transfer to nitrate-fertilized fields. Independent transformants exhibited either different co-suppression ratios or no co-suppression at all, irrespective of the transgene copy number, suggesting that genomic sequences surrounding the transgene might play a role in determining co-suppression.     

豇豆单孢锈菌中病毒样颗粒中双链RNA的存在

从北京西郊清华园附近田间豇豆上采集的豇豆单孢锈菌(Uormyces vignal Barcl)夏孢子。萌发后提取双链RNA,电泳分析可测出300—8000碱基对的三组双链RNA。从萌发的孢子中通过差迷离心提取病毒样颗粒,可获得二种类型的病毒样颗粒,一种直径为35—40nm的等轴颗粒。另一种为长短不等的棒状颗粒,用提纯物提取核酸电泳分析与直接从孢子中提取的双链RNA有相同的核酸带,从而证明这些双链RNA存在于病毒样颗粒中。     

海南省粉褶蕈属的分类研究(Ⅱ)

本文报道了海南省粉褶蕈属[Entoloma(Fr.)Kumm.]的31个种,其中17个为新记录种。并附分种检索表,表中含6个新种。 所有标本保藏于广东省微生物研究所真菌标本室。     

小麦与彭梯卡偃麦草杂种及其衍生后代的细胞遗传学研究──Ⅱ．来自小麦和彭梯卡（长穗）偃麦草及中间偃麦草杂种后代11个八倍体小偃麦的比较研究

利用染色体配对分析和酯酶及种子醇溶蛋白电泳分析研究了我国育成的１１个八倍体小偃麦,结果表明：（ａ）来源于小麦和中间偃麦草杂交后代的６个部分双二倍体中,中１和中２的偃麦草染色体组不同于中３、中４、中５和小偃７８８２９的偃麦草染色体组;（ｂ）来源于小麦和长穗偃麦草杂交后代的５个部分双二倍体中,小偃７８４的偃麦草染色体组不同于小偃６９３和小偃７６３１中的偃麦草染色体组,表明在长穗偃麦草中有两个互不相同又不同于小麦的染色体组Ｅ和Ｆ,而小偃７４３０和小偃６８中的偃麦草染色体组很可能是Ｅ和Ｆ染色体组的重组体;（ｃ）小偃７８４中的长穗偃麦草染色体组和中５及小偃７８８２９中的中间偃麦草染色体组基本相同,而中２的中间偃麦草染色体组不同于小偃６９３和小偃７６３１中的长穗偃麦草染色体组Ｆ,这意味着在长穗偃麦草和中间偃麦草中可能只有一个共同的染色体组Ｅ。部分双二倍体中酯酶及醇溶蛋白偃麦草染色体特征带的存在和发现,为这些染色体或其片段导入小麦后的鉴定提供了方便。     

大鼠尾核痛反应神经元放电和甩尾反射关系的研究

用浅麻醉的Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠４０只,以辐射热照尾作为伤害性刺激,经玻璃微电极引导尾核痛兴奋神经元（ＰＥＮ）和痛抑制神经元（ＰＩＮ）的放电,同时测量甩尾反射潜伏期（ＴＦＬ）作为甩尾痛阈的指标。结果表明：（１）自然状态下辐射热照尾引起尾核中ＰＥＮ放电频率增加和ＰＩＮ放电频率减少与甩尾反射（ＴＦ）相伴行。放电变化发生在ＴＦ之前,结束在ＴＦ之后,ＰＥＮ和ＰＩＮ放电变化与ＴＦＬ呈高度正相关。（２）辐射热照尾同时引起一侧尾核ＰＥＮ放电频率增加和另一侧ＰＩＮ放电频率减少,二者协同活动,并发生在ＴＦ之前,结束在ＴＦ之后。（３）侧脑室注射５５μｇ／１０μｌ吗啡呈镇痛作用时,尾核ＰＥＮ放电频率减少和ＰＩＮ放电频率增加,放电变化仍发生在ＴＦ之前,结束在ＴＦ之后。结果提示,尾核中ＰＥＮ、ＰＩＮ放电和ＴＦ是中枢不同水平同时对痛觉调制所产生的结果。     

乙型肝炎病毒前S2抗原决定簇（HBVPreS2epitope）与乙型肝炎病毒核心抗原（HBcAg）的基因融合与表达

乙肝前Ｓ２（ＨＢＶＰｒｅＳ２）肽段由５５个氨基酸组成,其Ｎ端肽段含Ｔｈ和Ｂ细胞抗原决定簇。我们将化学合成的ＰｒｅＳ２ｅｐｉｔｏｐｅ（１２０－１４５）基因与ＨＢｃＡｇ基因不同位点进行融合,融合基因在大肠杆菌中获得表达,并对融合蛋白进行了纯化。经ＥＬＩＳＡ和Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ－ｂｌｏｔ实验表明,融合蛋白具有ＰｒｅＳ２和ＨＢｃＡｇ两者的抗原性。此外,研究还表明,强启动子能使表达水平有一定提高。