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Nitrogen fertilizer and landscape position impacts on CO2 and CH4 fluxes from a landscape seeded to switchgrass 下载免费PDF全文
Eric G. Mbonimpa Chang O. Hong Vance N. Owens R. Michael Lehman Shannon L. Osborne Thomas E. Schumacher David E. Clay Sandeep Kumar 《Global Change Biology Bioenergy》2015,7(4):836-849
This study was conducted to evaluate the impacts of N fertilizer and landscape position on carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes from a US Northern Great Plains landscape seeded to switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). The experimental design included three N levels (low, 0 kg N ha−1; medium, 56 kg N ha−1; and high, 112 kg N ha−1) replicated four times. The experiment was repeated at shoulder and footslope positions. Soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes were monitored once every 2 weeks from May 2010 to October 2012. The CO2 fluxes were 40% higher at the footslope than the shoulder landscape position, and CH4 fluxes were similar in both landscape positions. Soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes averaged over the sampling dates were not impacted by N rates. Seasonal variations showed highest CO2 release and CH4 uptake in summer and fall, likely due to warmer and moist soil conditions. Higher CH4 release was observed in winter possibly due to increased anaerobic conditions. However, year to year (2010–2012) variations in soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes were more pronounced than the variations due to the impact of landscape positions and N rates. Drought conditions reported in 2012, with higher annual temperature and lower soil moisture than long-term average, resulted in higher summer and fall CO2 fluxes (between 1.3 and 3 times) than in 2011 and 2010. These conditions also promoted a net CH4 uptake in 2012 in comparison to 2010 when there was net CH4 release. Results from this study conclude that landscape positions, air temperature, and soil moisture content strongly influenced soil CO2 fluxes, whereas soil moisture impacted the direction of CH4 fluxes (uptake or release). However, a comprehensive life cycle analysis would be appropriate to evaluate environmental impacts associated with switchgrass production under local environmental conditions. 相似文献
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Chiang TY Chiang YC Chen YJ Chou CH Havanond S Hong TN Huang S 《Molecular ecology》2001,10(11):2697-2710
Vivipary with precocious seedlings in mangrove plants was thought to be a hindrance to long-range dispersal. To examine the extent of seedling dispersal across oceans, we investigated the phylogeny and genetic structure among East Asiatic populations of Kandelia candel based on organelle DNAs. In total, three, 28 and seven haplotypes of the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) atpB-rbcL spacer, cpDNA trnL-trnF spacer, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) were identified, respectively, from 202 individuals. Three data sets suggested consistent phylogenies recovering two differentiated lineages corresponding to geographical regions, i.e. northern South-China-Sea + East-China-Sea region and southern South-China-Sea region (Sarawak). Phylogenetically, the Sarawak population was closely related to the Ranong population of western Peninsula Malaysia instead of other South-China-Sea populations, indicating its possible origin from the Indian Ocean Rim. No geographical subdivision was detected within the northern geographical region. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed low levels of genetic differentiation between and within mainland and island populations (phiCT = 0.015, phiSC = 0.037), indicating conspicuous long-distance seedling dispersal across oceans. Significant linkage disequilibrium excluded the possibility of recurrent homoplasious mutations as the major force causing phylogenetic discrepancy between mtDNA and the trnL-trnF spacer within the northern region. Instead, relative ages of alleles contributed to non-random chlorotype-mitotype associations and tree inconsistency. Widespread distribution and random associations (chi2 = 0.822, P = 0.189) of eight hypothetical ancestral cytotypes indicated the panmixis of populations of the northern geographical region as a whole. In contrast, rare and recently evolved alleles were restricted to marginal populations, revealing some preferential directional migration. 相似文献
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Human wild type (WT) and mutant alpha-synuclein (alpha-syn) genes were overexpressed using a Tet-on expression system in stably transfected dopaminergic MN9D cells. Their overexpression induced caspase-independent and dopamine-related apoptosis not rescued by general caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. While apoptosis due to overexpression of WT alpha-syn was completely abrogated by a specific tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) inhibitor, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MT), the inhibitor only partially rescued apoptosis caused by overexpression of alpha-syn mutants. In addition, overexpression of mutants enhanced the toxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) and 6-hydroxyldopamine (6-OHDA) to MN9D cells, whereas overexpression of WT protected MN9D cells against MPP+ toxicity, but not against 6-OHDA. We conclude that WT alpha-syn is beneficial to dopaminergic neurons but its overexpression in the presence of endogenous dopamine makes it a potential threat to the cells. In contrast, mutant alpha-syn not only caused the loss of WT protective function but also the gain-of-toxicity which becomes more serious in the presence of dopamine and neurotoxins. 相似文献
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Zhang HC Ye H Conway BR Derian CK Addo MF Kuo GH Hecker LR Croll DR Li J Westover L Xu JZ Look R Demarest KT Andrade-Gordon P Damiano BP Maryanoff BE 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2004,14(12):3245-3250
A novel series of acyclic 3-(7-azaindolyl)-4-(aryl/heteroaryl)maleimides was synthesized and evaluated for activity against GSK-3beta and selectivity versus PKC-betaII, as well as a broad panel of protein kinases. Compounds 14 and 17c potently inhibited GSK-3beta (IC(50)=7 and 26 nM, respectively) and exhibited excellent selectivity over PKC-betaII (325 and >385-fold, respectively). Compound 17c was also highly selective against 68 other protein kinases. In a cell-based functional assay, both 14 and 17c effectively increased glycogen synthase activity by inhibiting GSK-3beta. 相似文献
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Song MS Moon HJ Kwon HI Pascua PN Lee JH Baek YH Woo KJ Choi J Lee S Yoo H Oh I Yoon Y Rho JB Sung MH Hong SP Kim CJ Choi YK 《Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea)》2012,50(3):478-488
The threat of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus causing the next pandemic remains a major concern. In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity and efficacy of an inactivated whole-virus H5N1 pre-pandemic vaccine (MG1109) formulated by Green Cross Co., Ltd containing the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of the clade 1 A/Vietnam/1194/04 virus in the backbone of A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (RgVietNam/04xPR8/34). Administration of the MG1109 vaccine (2-doses) in mice and ferrets elicited high HI and SN titers in a dose-dependent manner against the homologous (RgVietNam/04xPR8/34) and various heterologous H5N1 strains, (RgKor/W149/06xPR8/34, RgCambodia/04xPR8/34, RgGuangxi/05xPR8/34), including a heterosubtypic H5N2 (A/Aquatic bird/orea/W81/05) virus. However, efficient cross-reactivity was not observed against heterosubtypic H9N2 (A/Ck/Korea/H0802/08) and H1N1 (PR/8/34) viruses. Mice immunized with 1.9 μg HA/dose of MG1109 were completely protected from lethal challenge with heterologous wild-type HPAI H5N1 A/EM/Korea/W149/06 (clade 2.2) and mouse-adapted H5N2 viruses. Furthermore, ferrets administered at least 3.8 μg HA/dose efficiently suppressed virus growth in the upper respiratory tract and lungs. Vaccinated mice and ferrets also demonstrated attenuation of clinical disease signs and limited virus spread to other organs. Thus, this vaccine provided immunogenic responses in mouse and ferret models even against challenge with heterologous HPAI H5N1 and H5N2 viruses. Since the specific strain of HPAI H5N1 virus that would potentially cause the next outbreak is unknown, pre-pandemic vaccine preparation that could provide cross-protection against various H5 strains could be a useful approach in the selection of promising candidate vaccines in the future. 相似文献
150.
镉离子诱导BA/F3β细胞发生奇特的细胞凋亡 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
细胞凋亡一般都伴随有DNA 片段化, 活性氧含量增加, 并能被过量的Bcl2 所抑制。以BA/F3β细胞为模型, 利用MTT 检测、Hochest 染色以及透射电镜检测等技术却发现, 镉离子虽然可以诱导该细胞凋亡, 但是这种凋亡没有DNA 片段化, 也没有活性氧含量增加。此外, 过量Bcl2 对这种凋亡也没有保护作用。因此, 可以确认镉离子诱导BA/F3β细胞发生了奇特的细胞凋亡。 相似文献