Map-based cloning in crop plants: tomato as a model system II. Isolation and characterization of a set of overlapping yeast artificial chromosomes encompassing the jointless locus

Constructs carrying the entire or part of the tobacco nitrate reductase cDNA (NIA) cloned between the promoter and terminator sequences of the 35S RNA of the cauliflower mosaic virus were introduced into tobacco, in an attempt to improve nitrate assimilation. Several transgenic plants that had elevated NIA mRNA and nitrate reductase (NR) activity were obtained. In addition, a few plants that exhibited a chlorotic phenotype characteristic of NR-deficient mutants were also obtained. One of these plants contained no NIA mRNA, no NR activity and accumulated nitrate. This phenotype was therefore assumed to result from co-suppression of 35S-NIA transgenes and host NIA genes. NR-deficient plants were also found among the progeny of transformants overexpressing NIA mRNA. Genetic analyses indicated that these NR-deficient plants were homozygous for the 35S-NIA transgene, although not all homozygous plants were deficient for NR. The ratio of normal to NR-deficient plants in the progeny of homozygous plants remained constant at each generation, irrespective of the state of expression of the NIA genes (active or inactive) in the previous generation. This ratio also remained unchanged when field trials were performed in two areas of France: Versailles and Bergerac. The analysis of homozygous plants revealed that co-suppression was reversible at some stage of sexual reproduction. Indeed, host genes and transgenes reactivated at each generation, and co-suppression always appeared after a lag period of normal growth, suggesting that the phenomenon is developmentaly regulated. We observed that the triggering of cosuppression was delayed when plants were initially grown under limited light and/or watered with limited nitrate supply (light and nitrate both being required for the expression of the host NIA genes). However, this delay did not affect the final ratio between normal and NR-deficient plants after transfer to nitrate-fertilized fields. Independent transformants exhibited either different co-suppression ratios or no co-suppression at all, irrespective of the transgene copy number, suggesting that genomic sequences surrounding the transgene might play a role in determining co-suppression.     

Cloning of the blasticidin S deaminase gene (BSD) from Aspergillus terreus and its use as a selectable marker for Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Pyricularia oryzae

Aspergillus terreus produces a unique enzyme, blasticidin S deaminase, which catalyzes the deamination of blasticidin S (BS), and in consequence confers high resistance to the antibiotic. A cDNA clone derived from the structural gene for BS deaminase (BSD) was isolated by transforming Escherichia coli with an Aspergillus cDNA expression library and directly selecting for the ability to grow in the presence of the antibiotic. The complete nucleotide sequene of BSD was determined and proved to contain an open reading frame of 393 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 130 amino acids. Comparison of its nulceotide sequence with that of bsr, the BS deaminase gene isolated from Bacillus cereus, indicated no homology and a large difference in codon usage. The activity of BSD expressed in E. coli was easily quantified by an assay based on spectrophotometric recording. The BSD gene was placed in a shuttle vector for Schizosaccharomyces pombe, downstream of the SV40 early region promoter, and this allowed direct selection with BS at high frequency, following transformation into the yeast. The BSD gene was also employed as a selectable marker for Pyricularia oryzae, which could not be transformed to BS resistance by bsr. These results promise that the BSD gene will be useful as a new dominant selectable marker for eukaryotes.     

Identification of non-catalytic conserved regions in xylanases encoded by the xynB and xynD genes of the cellulolytic rumen anaerobe Ruminococcus flavefaciens

xynB is one of at least four genes from the cellulolytic rumen anaerobe Ruminococcus flavefaciens 17 that encode xylanase activity. The xynB gene is predicted to encode a 781-amino acid product starting with a signal peptide, followed by an amino-terminal xylanase domain which is identical at 89% and 78% of residues, respectively, to the amino-terminal xylanase domains of the bifunctional XynD and XynA enzymes from the same organism. Two separate regions within the carboxy-terminal 537 amino acids of XynB also show close similarities with domain B of XynD. These regions show no significant homology with cellulose- or xylan-binding domains from other species, or with any other sequences, and their functions are unknown. In addition a 30 to 32-residue threonine-rich region is present in both XynD and XynB. Codon usage shows a consistent pattern of bias in the three xylanase genes from R. flavefaciens that have been sequenced.     

豇豆单孢锈菌中病毒样颗粒中双链RNA的存在

从北京西郊清华园附近田间豇豆上采集的豇豆单孢锈菌(Uormyces vignal Barcl)夏孢子。萌发后提取双链RNA,电泳分析可测出300—8000碱基对的三组双链RNA。从萌发的孢子中通过差迷离心提取病毒样颗粒,可获得二种类型的病毒样颗粒,一种直径为35—40nm的等轴颗粒。另一种为长短不等的棒状颗粒,用提纯物提取核酸电泳分析与直接从孢子中提取的双链RNA有相同的核酸带,从而证明这些双链RNA存在于病毒样颗粒中。     

Existence and Functions of Neurotens in Human Early Placental Villi

ＥｘｉｓｔｅｎｃｅａｎｄＦｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓｏｆＮｅｕｒｏｔｅｎｓｉｎＨｕｍａｎＥａｒｌｙＰｌａｃｅｎｔａｌＶｉｌｌｉＺＨＡＮＧＣｈｏｎｇ－ｌｉ（张崇理）;ＣＨＥＮＧＬｉ－ｒｅｎ（程丽仁）,ＳＨＥＮＷｅｉ－ｂｉｎ（沈卫斌）;ＹＩＮＨｏｎｇ（殷红）;ＨＵ...     

十字花科上的链格孢属真菌同工酶凝胶电泳分析

本文报道对从国内外收集到的生于十字花科植物上的3种链格孢属真菌21个菌株进行的10种同工酶的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析结果。这10种酶分别是:酯酶(EST)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)、甘露醇脱氢酶(MADH)、乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)、黄嘌呤脱氢酶(XDH)、过氧化物岐化酶(SOD)。对同工酶酶谱资料的聚类分析,在较高的相似性水平上将21个菌株归为3大类群,每一类群所包括的菌株与形态学的鉴定结果完全一致,各菌株的归类关系与其寄主植物、地理来源无关。表明同工酶凝胶电泳在Alternaria种级分类中是一个有用的工具,可以明确地将不同菌株鉴定到种级水平。     

海南省粉褶蕈属的分类研究(Ⅱ)

本文报道了海南省粉褶蕈属[Entoloma(Fr.)Kumm.]的31个种,其中17个为新记录种。并附分种检索表,表中含6个新种。 所有标本保藏于广东省微生物研究所真菌标本室。     

外源DNA直接导入小麦及其在育种上的应用

本研究选用两个白粒小麦品种作供体,提取其总ＤＮＡ,采用花粉管直接携带法导入７５（１９８）红粒品种受体植株。ＤＮＡ导入的第一代（Ｄ１）,目的性状的转化频率为１．７５％和２．９４％。Ｄ２代变异率显著低于Ｄ１代。对Ｄ１,Ｄ２代所得目的性状变异后代,按照常规育种程序进行Ｄ３代观察与鉴定,得到已稳定遗传的后代,从中选取保持原品种其它优良性状而籽粒为的白色的变异类型混合脱粒,获得７５（１９８）改良新品系。