利手、优势足及扣手的遗传方式初探

采用Slater区分单基因和多基因遗传的计算模式及Smith无偏分析方法对21个家系资料的分析表明：利手、优势足、扣手特征均为常染色体单基因显性遗传,R型为显性性状。虽然环境因素对这类特征的表现也有一定的影响,但遗传因素仍起主要作用。 Abstract:The data of 21 families were analyzed by the method of Slater's calculating model to differentiate between single-gene and multi-gene heredity and by the method of non-deviation analysis.The results showed that the hereditary mode of handedness or preferential foot or hand-clasping is the dominant heredity of single gene of autosome,and the right type of all of them is the dominant character.In a way,although environmental factors affected the phenotypes of these characters,hereditary factors were also the decisive ones.     

利手、优势足及扣手的遗传方式初探

采用Slater区分单基因和多基因遗传的计算模式及Smith无偏分析方法对21个家系资料的分析表明：利手、优势足、扣手特征均为常染色体单基因显性遗传,R型为显性性状。虽然环境因素对这类特征的表现也有一定的影响,但影响因素仍起主要作用。     

Surprising negative association between IgG1 allotype disparity and anti-adalimumab formation: a cohort study

Introduction

The human monoclonal antibody adalimumab is known to induce an anti-globulin response in some adalimumab-treated patients. Antibodies against adalimumab (AAA) are associated with non-response to treatment. Immunoglobulins, such as adalimumab, carry allotypes which represent slight differences in the amino acid sequences of the constant chains of an IgG molecule. Immunoglobulins with particular IgG (Gm) allotypes are racially distributed and could be immunogenic for individuals who do not express these allotypes. Therefore, we investigated whether a mismatch in IgG allotypes between adalimumab and IgG in adalimumab-treated patients is associated with the development of AAA.

Methods

This cohort study consisted of 250 adalimumab-treated rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. IgG allotypes were determined for adalimumab and for all patients. Anti-idiotype antibodies against adalimumab were measured with a regular radio immunoassay (RIA), and a newly developed bridging enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure anti-allotype antibodies against adalimumab. The association between AAA and the G1m3 and the G1m17 allotypes was determined. For differences between groups we used the independent or paired samples t-test, Mann-Whitney test or Chi square/Fisher's exact test as appropriate. To investigate the influence of confounders on the presence or absence of AAA a multiple logistic regression-analysis was used.

Results

Adalimumab carries the G1m17 allotype. No anti-allotype antibodies against adalimumab were detected. Thirty-nine out of 249 patients had anti-idiotype antibodies against adalimumab (16%). IgG allotypes of RA patients were associated with the frequency of AAA: patients homozygous for G1m17 had the highest frequency of AAA (41%), patients homozygous for G1m3 the lowest frequency (10%), and heterozygous patients' AAA frequency was 14% (P = 0.0001).

Conclusions

An allotype mismatch between adalimumab and IgG in adalimumab-treated patients did not lead to a higher frequency of AAA. On the contrary, patients who carried the same IgG allotype as present on the adalimumab IgG molecule, had the highest frequency of anti-adalimumab antibodies compared to patients whose IgG allotype differed from adalimumab. This suggests that the allotype of adalimumab may not be highly immunogenic. Furthermore, patients carrying the G1m17-allotype might be more prone to antibody responses.     

Maternal genealogical patterns of chicken breeds sampled in Europe

The aim of this study was to investigate the maternal genealogical pattern of chicken breeds sampled in Europe. Sequence polymorphisms of 1256 chickens of the hypervariable region (D‐loop) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were used. Median‐joining networks were constructed to establish evolutionary relationships among mtDNA haplotypes of chickens, which included a wide range of breeds with different origin and history. Chicken breeds which have had their roots in Europe for more than 3000 years were categorized by their founding regions, encompassing Mediterranean type, East European type and Northwest European type. Breeds which were introduced to Europe from Asia since the mid‐19th century were classified as Asian type, and breeds based on crossbreeding between Asian breeds and European breeds were classified as Intermediate type. The last group, Game birds, included fighting birds from Asia. The classification of mtDNA haplotypes was based on Liu et al.'s (2006) nomenclature. Haplogroup E was the predominant clade among the European chicken breeds. The results showed, on average, the highest number of haplotypes, highest haplotype diversity, and highest nucleotide diversity for Asian type breeds, followed by Intermediate type chickens. East European and Northwest European breeds had lower haplotype and nucleotide diversity compared to Mediterranean, Intermediate, Game and Asian type breeds. Results of our study support earlier findings that chicken breeds sampled in Europe have their roots in the Indian subcontinent and East Asia. This is consistent with historical and archaeological evidence of chicken migration routes to Europe.     

Use of a crude extract or purified antigen from first‐instar cattle grubs,Hypoderma lineatum,for the detection of anti‐Hypoderma antibodies in free‐ranging cervids from southern Spain

During the 2003–2005 hunting seasons, a total of 120 Cervidae, including 39 red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) and 81 fallow deer (Dama dama), were examined for subcutaneous myiasis. Animals were shot from January to June in southern Spain. Specific antibodies against Hypodermatinae (Diptera: Oestridae) were detected by indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) using a crude larval extract (CLE) and a purified antigen [hypodermin C (HC)] obtained from first instars of Hypoderma lineatum (De Villers) (Diptera: Oestridae). Hypoderma actaeon Brauer was the only species detected in this study, which represents the first confirmation of this species in fallow deer from Spain. The overall prevalence of animals presenting subcutaneous larvae (14.2%) was considerably lower than the prevalences determined by iELISA with CLE (43.3%) and HC (40.0%). Red deer showed a higher prevalence of Hypoderma than fallow deer. The concordance between larval examination during the hunting season and iELISA using both antigens was low, whereas the concordance between the CLE and HC ELISAs was good. Larval antigens obtained from H. lineatum constitute a good tool for the diagnosis of H. actaeon in Cervidae, especially when the hunting season does not coincide with the maximum presence of larvae on the back.     

Genomewide search in familial Paget disease of bone shows evidence of genetic heterogeneity with candidate loci on chromosomes 2q36, 10p13, and 5q35

Paget disease of bone (PDB) is a common disorder characterized by focal abnormalities of increased and disorganized bone turnover. Genetic factors are important in the pathogenesis of PDB, and previous studies have shown that the PDB-like bone dysplasia familial expansile osteolysis is caused by activating mutations in the TNFRSF11A gene that encodes receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (RANK); however, linkage studies, coupled with mutation screening, have excluded involvement of RANK in the vast majority of patients with PDB. To identify other candidate loci for PDB, we conducted a genomewide search in 319 individuals, from 62 kindreds with familial PDB, who were predominantly of British descent. The pattern of inheritance in the study group as a whole was consistent with autosomal dominant transmission of the disease. Parametric multipoint linkage analysis, under a model of heterogeneity, identified three chromosomal regions with LOD scores above the threshold for suggestive linkage. These were on chromosomes 2q36 (LOD score 2.7 at 218.24 cM), 5q35 (LOD score 3.0 at 189.63 cM), and 10p13 (LOD score 2.6 at 41.43 cM). For each of these loci, formal heterogeneity testing with HOMOG supported a model of linkage with heterogeneity, as opposed to no linkage or linkage with homogeneity. Two-point linkage analysis with a series of markers from the 5q35 region in another large kindred with autosomal dominant familial PDB also supported linkage to the candidate region with a maximum LOD score of 3.47 at D5S2034 (187.8 cM). These data indicate the presence of several susceptibility loci for PDB and identify a strong candidate locus for the disease, on chromosome 5q35.     

黑素皮质素受体-4的研究进展

黑素皮质素受体 4 (MC4R)是人类中枢神经系统中参与调节肥胖症发生的重要因素 ,可调节动物的体重和采食量。自MC4R基因克隆以来 ,学者们对MC4R的结构 ,生理功能 ,调控 ,作用机制及其基因突变与体重的关系等方面进行了大量的研究。     

Effects of cold on activity and exploration by wild house mice in a residential maze

Summary Wild house mice,Mus musculus, were bred in environments kept at 23 °C (warm-reared) or 3 °C (cold-reared). Males of the fourth generation in each condition were observed for 4 days in a residential maze with a central nest box and four arms radiating from it. One maze arm contained food, one contained water, and two were empty until Day 4, when one had soft (balsa) wood. Mice of each type were run in a maze at each temperature.Mice of all classes responded to the novel environment of the maze with a high rate of visiting the arms on Day 1. The novel presence of balsa wood also provoked extra visits to the arm that contained it, and a longer stay in that arm on Day 4 than on Day 3. Visits to the arms were fewer in the cold than in the warm, and time spent in the arms was less.Cold-reared mice in the cold environment spent more time outside the nest on Day 1, that is, were more responsive to novelty than were the warmreared. Hence for the cold-reared mice the competitive balance between exploring and energy conservation was altered. This difference, we suggest, is an aspect of cold-adaptation.These experiments were done in part while JLW held an award from the National Science Foundation under the US/Australia Agreement for Scientific Cooperation. We are also grateful to Rhondda G. Dickson for help with the statistical analysis.     

In situ hybridization at the electron microscope level: hybrid detection by autoradiography and colloidal gold

In situ hybridization has become a standard method for localizing DNA or RNA sequences in cytological preparations. We developed two methods to extend this technique to the transmission electron microscope level using mouse satellite DNA hybridization to whole mount metaphase chromosomes as the test system. The first method devised is a direct extension of standard light microscope level using mouse satellite DNA hybridization to whole mount metaphase chromosomes as the test system. The first method devised is a direct extension of standard light microscope in situ hybridization. Radioactively labeled complementary RNA (cRNA) is hybridized to metaphase chromosomes deposited on electron microscope grids and fixed in 70 percent ethanol vapor; hybridixation site are detected by autoradiography. Specific and intense labeling of chromosomal centromeric regions is observed even after relatively short exposure times. Inerphase nuclei present in some of the metaphase chromosome preparations also show defined paatterms of satellite DNA labeling which suggests that satellite-containing regions are associate with each other during interphase. The sensitivity of this method is estimated to at least as good as that at the light microscope level while the resolution is improved at least threefold. The second method, which circumvents the use of autoradiogrphic detection, uses biotin-labeled polynucleotide probes. After hybridization of these probes, either DNA or RNA, to fixed chromosomes on grids, hybrids are detected via reaction is improved at least threefold. The second method, which circumvents the use of autoradiographic detection, uses biotin-labeled polynucleotide probes. After hybridization of these probes, either DNA or RNA, to fixed chromosomes on grids, hybrids are detected via reaction with an antibody against biotin and secondary antibody adsorbed to the surface of over centromeric heterochromatin and along the associated peripheral fibers. Labeling is on average ten times that of background binding. This method is rapid and possesses the potential to allow precise ultrastructual localization of DNA sequences in chromosomes and chromatin.