The relative biological effectiveness of 670 MeV/A neon as a function of depth in water for a tissue model

Linear energy transfer (LET infinity) spectra of identified charge fragments and primaries, produced by nuclear interactions of 670 MeV/A neon in water, were measured along the unmodulated Bragg curve of the neon beam. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) values for spermatogonial cell killing, as reported on the basis of weight loss assay of mouse testes irradiated with beams of approximately constant single LET infinity, were summed over the particle LET infinity spectra to obtain an effective RBE for each charged-particle species, as a function of water absorber thickness. The resultant values of effective RBE were combined to obtain an effective RBE for the mixed radiation field. The RBE calculated in this way was compared with experimental RBEs obtained for spermatogonial cell killing in the mixed radiation field produced by neon ions traversing a thick water absorber. Discrepancies of 10-40% were observed between the calculated RBE and the RBE measured in the mixed radiation field. Part of this discrepancy can be attributed to undetected low-Z fragments, whose contribution is not included in the calculation, leading to an overestimated value for the calculated RBE. On the other hand, calculated values 10% greater than the measured RBE are explained as track structure effects due to the higher radial ionization density near neon tracks relative to the ionization density near the silicon tracks used to fit the RBE vs LET infinity data.     

The primary structure of the beta-subunit of the cell surface adhesion glycoproteins LFA-1, CR3 and p150,95 and its relationship to the fibronectin receptor.

The lymphocyte-function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), the complement receptor type 3 (CR3) and the antigen p150,95 are cell-surface glycoproteins. They are heterodimeric complexes, each containing a unique alpha-subunit noncovalently associated with a common beta-subunit. We have purified the beta-subunit from human spleen and obtained limited peptide sequences. What appears to be the complete primary structure for the fully processed beta-subunit was obtained by cDNA sequencing of clones from a phorbol ester (PMA) stimulated U937 cDNA library. There are five possible glycosylation sites and a transmembrane segment. The sequence contains a high level of cysteine (7.6%), with 24 of the 57 cysteine residues being found in three repeating units each with eight residues. The entire primary structure has 47% identity to a subunit of a fibronectin binding protein from chicken fibroblasts. It seems that LFA-1, CR3 and p150,95 antigens may belong to an extended family of cell surface molecules including the fibronectin binding protein.     

The pancreatic glucagon and C-peptide secretion during hyperinsulinemia in euglycemic glucose clamp with or without somatostatin infusion in normal man

6 normal subjects received two times of 2 hr euglycemic glucose clamp studies (insulin infusion rate 40 mU/M2/min) one with and the other without somatostatin (SRIF) infusion (500 microgram/hr). Serum C-peptide and glucagon levels were measured during clamp to study the sensitivity of pancreatic alpha and beta cells to the suppressive effects of exogenous hyperinsulinemia during normoglycemia in normal subjects and to find whether SRIF had any modulative effects on endocrine pancreas secretion at the status of hyperinsulinemia. The results showed that in normal man the degree of suppression of pancreatic glucagon secretion by hyperinsulinemia (approximately 100 uU/ml) during euglycemic glucose clamp without SRIF infusion was less than that of C-peptide with mean value of 62 +/- 4% of basal glucagon remained at the end of clamp study; while only about 30 +/- 2% of basal C-peptide concentrations remained. But during SRIF infused glucose clamp studies (SRIF was infused from 60 to 120 min), 32 +/- 2% of mean basal C-peptide concentrations and 38 +/- 6% of mean basal glucagon concentrations left at the end of 2 hr clamp studies when serum insulin level was about 100 uU/ml. For the glucose infusion rate (M value), it was significantly greater in our normal subjects in response to insulin + SRIF as compared to insulin alone (12.0 + 0.9 vs 8.8 +/- 1.4; P less than 0.01). We concluded: during hyperinsulinemia (100 uU/ml), the sensitivity of pancreatic alpha cells to insulin seems less than that of beta cells in normal man at normoglycemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effect of growth phase on phospholipid biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The effect of growth phase on the membrane-associated phospholipid biosynthetic enzymes CDP-diacylglycerol synthase, phosphatidylserine synthase, phosphatidylinositol synthase, and the phospholipid N-methyltransferases in wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae was examined. Maximum activities were found in the exponential phase of cells grown in complete synthetic medium. As cells entered the stationary phase of growth, the activities of the CDP-diacylglycerol synthase, phosphatidylserine synthase, and the phospholipid N-methyltransferases decreased 2.5- to 5-fold. The subunit levels of phosphatidylserine synthase and the cytoplasmic-associated enzyme inositol-1-phosphate synthase were not significantly affected by the growth phase. When grown in medium supplemented with inositol-choline, cells in the exponential phase of growth had reduced CDP-diacylglycerol synthase, phosphatidylserine synthase, and phospholipid N-methyltransferase activities, with repressed subunit levels of phosphatidylserine synthase and inositol-1-phosphate synthase compared with cells grown without inositol-choline. Enzyme activity levels remained reduced in the stationary phase of growth of cells supplemented with inositol-choline. The phosphatidylserine synthase and inositol-1-phosphate synthase subunit levels, however, were depressed. Phosphatidylinositol synthase (activity and subunit) was not affected by growth in medium supplemented with or without inositol-choline or the growth phase of the culture. The phospholipid composition of cells in the exponential and stationary phase of growth was also examined. The phosphatidylinositol to phosphatidylserine ratio doubled in stationary-phase cells. The phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylethanolamine ratio was not significantly affected by the growth phase of cells.     

Absence of heat shock protein synthesis in isolated mitochondria and plastids from maize

Examination of the proteins synthesized by isolated mitochondria, chloroplasts, or proplastids from maize tissues showed that a heat treatment at 40 degrees C does not induce or enhance the synthesis of any protein when compared to preparations treated at the control temperature of 28 degrees C. These observations are consistent with the results obtained by labeling proteins in vivo under sterile conditions. In vivo labeling in the presence of cycloheximide during heat shock showed no heat shock protein synthesis. Labeling in the presence of chloramphenicol during heat shock showed a similar heat shock protein pattern as in the absence of the inhibitor. It is concluded that maize organelles do not synthesize heat shock proteins and that, if present, they may be due to bacterial contamination.     

Hepatic metabolism and secretion of a cholesterol-enriched lipoprotein fraction

A potentially important source of cholesterol secreted in bile is cholesterol-rich lipoproteins. However, the fate of the cholesterol carried in these lipoproteins after hepatic uptake has not been investigated. We harvested an apoE- and cholesterol-rich lipoprotein fraction (d 1.02-1.06 g/ml) from hypercholesterolemic rats and examined the acute effects of these lipoproteins on hepatic cholesterol metabolism, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion, and biliary lipid secretion. Administration of a lipoprotein bolus (20 mg of cholesterol) to rats resulted in a significant decrease in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity and a significant increase in acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase activity over controls at 1 hr. Hepatic cholesteryl ester content increased 400% with no change in hepatic free cholesterol content or biliary cholesterol secretion. These cholesterol-rich lipoproteins delivered in the isolated perfused liver effected a fivefold increase in hepatic VLDL secretion with no change in composition. Therefore, cholesterol-rich lipoproteins do not acutely alter biliary cholesterol secretion. Rather, the majority of the cholesterol delivered to the liver in these lipoproteins is either esterified and stored as cholesteryl ester or resecreted as free and esterified cholesterol in hepatic VLDL.