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81.
Uchida A 《Trends in ecology & evolution》1996,11(4):163-168
The patterning of intraspecific variation among the great apes is proving more complex than has been recognized previously. The great ape species, as currently defined, may include markedly different subspecies, alternatively, the majority of intraspeclflc variation may be observed at the populational level within a single subspecies. Recent studies have raised a number of questions about great ape evolutionary biology. How many species of living great apes exist? What was the original dietary adaptation of gorillas? How should we define male orang-utan adulthood? 相似文献
82.
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cDNAs have been isolated from different classes of animals. Cloning of genes from lower eukaryotes has allowed us to investigate directly the biological functions of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ationin vivo. The conservation of specific regions among mammals, chicken,Xenopus laevis, andDrosophila melanogaster reveals the essential structural elements required for recognition of breaks in DNA and for catalytic activity. Cys, His and basic residues in the zinc-finger consensus region are conserved. The carboxyl terminal region corresponding to an NAD-binding domain is strongly conserved. The dinucleotide-binding consensus sequence and 1-A-2, Rossmann fold structure, and -sheet structures are completely conserved from mammals to insect. InDrosophila, a putative leucine-zipper motif has been identified, and other poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases also contain an -helical, amphipathic structure in the auto-modification domain. In this article, we review the recent structural analyses of the functional domains of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in phylogenetically divergent species, and discuss the implications of structural conservation for its biological functions.Abbreviations aa
amino acid(s)
-
D. melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster
- PARP
poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase [EC 2.4.2.30]
- PCR
polymerase chain reaction
-
X. laevis
Xenopus laevis 相似文献
83.
84.
Hitoshi Suzuki Kimiyuki Tsuchiya Mitsuru Sakaizumi Shigeharu Wakana Susumu Sakurai 《Journal of molecular evolution》1994,38(2):107-112
An analysis by restriction endonuclease digestion of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) was carried out in natural populations of Apodemus speciosus, a field mouse that is endemic to Japan. Two restriction sites, the EcoRI (E3) and DraI (D4) sites, in the nontranscribed spacer region downstream from the gene for 28S RNA showed polymorphism within and between individuals in the populations from the Japanese main islands. By contrast, populations from the small adjoining islands which are thought to have separated from the main islands 1–2 × 104 years ago showed relatively low levels of polymorphism within and between individuals, i.e., one of the polymorphic bands in the case of each enzyme was predominant in these populations, irrespective of the variants. These results indicate that the rate of fixation of site variations depends on population size and that the direction of fixation is random. Furthermore, each polymorphic restriction site seems to be fixed independently.Correspondence to: H. Suzuki 相似文献
85.
86.
Koichi Suzuki Misa Iwata Shigenori Ito Kiyoshi Matsui Atsuko Uchida Yasuhiko Mizoi 《Human genetics》1994,94(2):129-135
The “a” subunit of human coagulation factor XIII (F13A) exhibits genetic polymorphism defined by four common alleles, F13A*1A, *1B, *2A, and *2B. We have previously suggested on the basis of the isoelectric focusing patterns of the four allele products that point mutations at two separate sites and one intragenic crossing over might be involved in the genes of F13A polymorphism. Here, we report nucleotide substitutions associated with F13A polymorphism. A C/T transition of the second nucelotide of codon 564 in exon 12 is responsible for the difference between F13A*1A and *1B and that between F13A*2A and *2B, and a set of two base changes in codons 650 and 651 in exon 14 leads to the differences between F13A*1A and *2A and those between F13A*1B and *2B. The four combinations of the point mutations at the two exons thus correspond to the four alleles, two of which were generated by the point mutations from ancestral monomorphic gene. The results suggest strongly that intragenic crossing over must be involved in the genesis of the fourth allele. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods discriminating these base changes in exons 12 and 14 are also presented. 相似文献
87.
Masahiro Tohkin Shinji Kakudo Hisashi Kasai Hitoshi Arita 《Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII》1994,39(3):155-160
The inhibitory effect of murine interferon (muIFN) on humoral hypercalcemia in nude mice bearing lower-jaw cancer (LJC-1-JCK), in which parathyroid-hormone(PTH)-related protein is responsible for causing humoral hypercalcemia by activating bone resorption, was examined in comparison with that of a new bisphosphonate, 4-amino-1-hydroxybutylidene-1,1-bisphosphonate (alendronate), muIFN was injected into tumor-bearing nude mice for 5 days before the establishment of hypercalcemia. The increase of plasma calcium concentration was delayed and this effect continued for more than 6 days even after the injection was stopped. Alendronate markedly suppressed hypercalcemia in tumor-bearing nude mice but this inhibitory effect continued for less than 6 days. Neither muIFN nor alendronate affected the tumor volume or serum PTH-related protein concentration. Injection of muIFN into mice for 3 days almost completely abolished the formation of multinucleated osteoclast-like cells from bone marrow cells in vitro, whereas injection of alendronate into mice had no effect. These findings suggested that muIFN suppressed the formation of osteoclasts, resulting in the prolonged decrease of plasma calcium concentration in hypercalcemic tumor-bearing nude mice, whereas alendronate is cytotoxic to functionally mature osteoclasts and inhibited osteoclastic bone resorption, resulting in a marked decrease in the plasma calcium concentration in tumor-bearing hypercalcemic nude mice. 相似文献
88.
Kazuo Ohtsuka Katsuhiko Hasegawa Kazunari Sato Katsumitsu Arai Hisami Watanabe Hitoshi Asakura Toru Abo 《Microbiology and immunology》1994,38(8):677-683
Two major populations of extrathymically differentiated T cells exist in the liver and intestine. Such T cells in the liver have TCR of intermediate intensity (i.e., intermediate TCR cells) and constitutively express IL-2 receptor β-chain (IL-2Rβ), whereas those in the intestine, especially intraepithelial lymphocytes, have TCR of bright intensity, consisting of a mixture of IL-2Rβ+ and IL-2Rβ–. All mature thymocytes and thymus-derived T cells seen in the peripheral immune organs are TCR-bright+IL-2Rβ– under resting conditions. When the expression pattern of adhesion molecules, including CD44, L-selectin, LFA-1 and ICAM-1, was compared among these T-cell populations, they displayed quite unique patterns of expression. All extrathymic T cells in the liver, intestine, and even other organs were CD44+L-selectin– LFA-1++ICAM-1+, whereas thymocytes and thymus-derived T cells were CD44– L-selectin+LFA-1+ICAM-1–. This inverted expression of adhesion molecules between extrathymic T cells and thymus-derived T cells might be associated with their unique tissue-localization. 相似文献
89.
Sera from approximately 30% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) contain high titers of autoantibodies that bind to the 52-kDa Ro/SSA protein. We previously detected polymorphisms in the 52-kDa Ro/SSA gene (SSA1) with restriction enzymes, one of which is strongly associated with the presence of SLE (P < 0.0005) in African Americans. A higher disease frequency and more severe forms of the disease are commonly noted among these female patients. To determine the location and nature of this polymorphism, we obtained two clones that span 8.5 kb of the 52-kDa Ro/SSA locus including its upstream regulatory region. Six exons were identified, and their nucleotide sequences plus adjacent noncoding regions were determined. No differences were found between these exons and the coding region of one of the reported cDNAs. The disease-associated polymorphic site suggested by a restriction enzyme map and confirmed by DNA amplification and nucleotide sequencing was present upstream of exon 1. This polymorphism may be a genetic marker for a disease-related variation in the coding region for the protein or in the upstream regulatory region of this gene. Although this RFLP is present in Japanese, it is not associated with lupus in this race. 相似文献
90.
Yoichi Tamai Hisako Kojima Shintaro Saito† Kikue Uchida Rie Kitajima Hiroshi Komatsu Tsuneo Moriya‡ 《Journal of neurochemistry》1993,60(5):1854-1863
Abstract: The metamorphic changes in levels of glycolipids and myelin proteins and 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase (CNP) in the brains of bullfrog tadpoles, adult frogs, and axolotls were investigated, with particular emphasis on myelin maturation. The concentrations of cerebroside. sulfatide, and galactosyldiacylglycerol gradually increased from the onset of prometamorphosis throughout the active metamorphic period and then greatly increased after metamorphosis was completed. The ratio of glucocerebroside to galactocerebroside increased greatly in the prometamorphic period and then rapidly decreased to the frog level during the climax period. The fatty acid compositions of cerebroside and sulfatide showed a developmental change, with 24:1 being more predominant in the later metamorphic stage. The proportion of hydroxy fatty acids increased up to the onset of the prometamorphic stage and thereafter remained constant at ∼ 50% of the total. The CNP activity remained unchanged throughout metamorphosis at 60% that in frog myelin and increased in the adult frog. The composition of tadpole myelin proteins remained constant during metamorphosis, with large basic protein being the most abundant, and in the frog, proteolipid protein and large basic protein were present in comparable amounts. The two adult forms of axolotl, i.e., the neotenous and metamorphosed forms, exhibited almost identical myelin constituents, and CNP activity in the neotenous form amounted to one-fifth that in the bullfrog. These results indicate that active biosynthesis of myelin marker components occurs as metamorphosis proceeds, but more pronounced changes of myelin components occur after metamorphosis is completed. 相似文献