Die Nachwirkung von Produkten resistenter interspezifischer Reben-Arthybriden in unbehandelten Nachzuchtgenerationen (dargestellt in Versuchen mit Hühnern)

Zusammenfassung (Zum besseren Verständnis der zitierten genealogischen Zusammenhänge wird auf Tab. 1 S. 353 (Material und Methodik) verwiesen.)Durch eine 6–8 Wochen anhaltende Verfütterung der Produkte — Weine wie (alkoholfreie) Säfte — von relativ resistenten Reben-Arthybriden, die aus Kreuzungen sensitiver Vitis vinifera-Varietäten mit ± resistenten amerikanischen Wildreben (F₁, F₂R) hervorgegangen waren, ließ sich bei Hühnern eine Prägung auslösen, die bei ihren unbehandelten F₁-Nachkommen in über 40% der Fälle zu Mißbildungen hauptsächlich der Ständer und des Gefieders führte. Diese Effekte hatten sich mehrfach reproduzieren lassen.Normal gehaltene F₁-Geschwister behandelter Eltern, miteinander verpaart, ergaben in der F₂ wiederum, einen gewissen Prozentsatz (8–11%) der gleichen Aberrationen an Ständern und Gefieder wie bei der F₁. Dabei spielte es keine Rolle, ob Normale, Anomale oder Krüppel miteinander gekreuzt worden waren.Wurden F₂-Geschwister miteinander verpaart, so reduzierte sich der Effekt in der F₃ auf 0,9–2,2% an Mißbildungen. Dem zahlenmäßigen Rückgang der Häufigkeit von Aberranten entsprach ebenso ein allgemein verminderter Grad der betreffenden Schädigung.Normale aus der F₃ brachten mit normalen Individuen ihrer Elterngeneration verpaart (F₃ × F₂) keine mißbildeten Nachkommen hervor, während bei der reziproken Kreuzung (F₂- × F₃-) aus den Eiern dieser anomalen F₂- noch 4,7% der Tiere mit mißbildeten Ständern und 21,9% mit defekten Federn schlüpften.In der F₅, hervorgegangen aus miteinander verpaarten Normalen der F₄R, traten weitere 4,6% an Beinmißbildungen und 6,9% an Feder-Anomalien auf.Dagegen fanden sich keine Anomalien mehr, wenn Standard- mit einem aberranten F₄- verpaart worden waren. In den Kontrollen traten keine Mißbildungen auf.Die einmal in der p₁ durch die Versuchstränken gesetzte Prägung erwies sich in 5 Generationen zwar sowohl nach der Zahl der in der Folge entstandenen Anomalien als auch hinsichtlich des Schweregrades ihrer Ausprägung als regressiv, ohne daß in diesem Zeitraum jedoch ein völliges Abklingen des Einflusses bei allen Tieren zu verzeichnen gewesen wäre.Es wird vermutet, daß die Effekte vorwiegend aufgrund latent vorhandener Veränderungen im weiblichen Keimplasma ausgelöst werden, die — möglicherweise durch Umweltfaktoren begünstigt — die Entwicklung der Embryonen individuell beeinflussen.Die Wirkungen im Erscheinungsbild gleichen etwa den durch Vitamin B₂-Mangel hervorgerufenen Anomalien, so daß möglicherweise auch in unserem Fall etwa eine stoffliche Blockierung im Vitaminhaushalt der Embryonen als Ursache der beobachteten Mißbildungen nicht auszuschließen ist. Die weitgehende Normalisierung der Feder-Defekte anläßlich der ersten echten Mauser, zeitlich mit der beendeten Resorption des (mütterlich geprägten) Dotters im Küken und mit der Autonomisierung des Vitaminhaushaltes im Jungtier einhergehend, deutet in diese Richtung. Eine Rehabilitierung der Beinmißbildungen ließ sich in keinem Fall feststellen.Die zweimalige Behandlung derselben Hühner und Hähne in zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Jahren scheint sich im Effekt nicht additativ auszuwirken. Vielmehr gestattet offenbar die zwischenzeitlich normale Haltung, durch den relativ hohen physiologischen Umsatz besonders bei den weiblichen Tieren (Eiproduktion, Mauser) begünstigt, eine weitgehende Normalisierung des Keimplasmas.

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After-effects in untreated progenies from chickens treated with the products from resistant interspecific grape-vine hybrids

Summary Feeding hens and cocks for 6–8 weeks with the products — wines and juices — from ± resistant interspecific grapevine varieties (F₁, F₂R), i.e. from crosses between sensitive types of Vitis vinifera and ± resistant American wild types, led to physiological changes of the treated animals. These changes became evident by more than 40% of malformations, especially of legs and plumage, among the individuals of their untreated F₁ progeny. These effects proved to be reproducable.Among the F₂-individuals from crosses between untreated F₁ brothers and sisters 8–11 % of the chickens again carried anomalies of the same kind as found in F₁. No relation could be observed between the number of F₂ malformations and the types of F₁-parents: both of them had been either normal, slightly anomalous or crippled.In the following generation (F₃) from F₂ brothers and sisters, again selected for equal types (normals, slightly anomalous or crippled ones) and crossed among themselves or to standard-, the number of malformations became reduced to 0,9–2,2%. From this generation on severely crippled types were almost lacking and only slightly anomalous ones showed up, characterized by crippled toes and/or plumage defects.The following crosses between F₃ and F₂ did not give rise to anomalies among the progeny of the next generation, as was the case when normal (F₂ 1966) were crossed to standard-, while from the reciprocal combination (F₂ × F₃) again 4,7% of the F₄R chickens hatched with moderately or slightly deformed feet besides 21,9% of individuals with defective feathers.Among the chickens of the following generation (F₅) from crosses between normal F₄R brothers and sisters there resulted another 4,6% and 6,9% of individuals with crippled toes (slight type) and defective wing feathers, respectively. On the other hand only normal chickens hatched from the eggs of standard- crossed to an anomalous from F₄R. The controls were free from anomalies.Thus the effects of experimental beverages fed once to the P₁, had caused in the following generations (F₁– F₅) certain numbers of individuals with malformations, developing in declining numbers and with gradually reduced severity. The 5 generations observed did not suffice for a complete rehabilitation.It is suggested that the effects were caused by latent though increasingly reduced changes within the female germ plasm, coming about by some unknown substance(s) immanent to the relatively resistant grape-vine cultivars used. Individually acting upon the embryological development, environmental influences are supposed to add to the effects.Since the types of malformations of legs and plumage can easily be compared to those observed in cases of vitamin B₂-deficiency in the diet of chicks, the substance(s) applied with the beverages possibly reduce(s) the embryonic exploitation rate of vitamins, too. Another hint in that direction could be the more or less complete normalization of the plumage defects at the time of the first moulting, i.e. when the maternal egg yolk probably has become fully absorbed by the growing chicken and the exploitation of vitamins has turned autonomous. Rehabilitation of crippled legs never has been found.Treating the same animals in two successive years, with some months of water-feeding in between, does not seem to give an additive effect as to the number of anomalies developing in both F₁-generations. During the interval of normal feeding the relatively high turnover, especially in hens, by the building up of eggs and by moulting, apparently causes a general normalization within the germ plasm before the second treatment.Nothing is known about the type of substance (s) fed with the products from resistant grape-vines, nor do we know anything about the pattern of their action and reaction, leading to changes within the germ plasm and finally reducing the utilization of vitamins in chick embryos from individuals once treated in some former generation.

     

Persistence of maternal isoenzyme patterns of the lactate dehydrogenase and phosphoglucomutase system during early development of hybrid trout

Developmental changes in the isoenzyme patterns of LDH and PGM during early embryogenesis (until hatching) in two trout species (Salmo trutta and Salmo irideus) as well as in their reciprocal interspecific hybrids are reported, completing a previous study which had commenced from hatching onward (Hitzeroth et al., 1968). Isoenzymes of both systems occur in unfertilized eggs and in embryos from fertilization onward. Until about the Augenpunkt stage, the isoenzyme patterns remain unchanged and are identical to the patterns of unfertilized eggs; the reciprocal hybrids correspond to the respective maternal species. Additional isoenzymes appearing for the first time at about the Augenpunkt stage in the interspecific hybrids show the same electrophoretic mobility as those in the animals of the respective maternal species at this developmental stage. It is discussed whether the appearance of additional isoenzymes characterizes the activation of maternally derived alleles of the embryonic genome, or whether maternally derived cytoplasmic factors are responsible for the occurrence of these additional bands.Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Interspecific hybridization betweenDaphnia hyalina,D. galeata,andD. cucullata and seasonal abundances of these species and their hybrids

The three cladoceran speciesDaphnia hyalina, D. galeata, andD. cucullata frequently coexist in the lakes of northern Germany. Although there are some problems in distinguishing them morphologically, they are easily determined by gelelectrophoresis: each species carries a different allele at the glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) locus. Animals morphologically intermediate between two species are heterozygous for the alleles carried by the species they resemble. This pattern is in agreement with the findings at other loci, where also diagnostic alleles exist. These findings are most easily explained by interspecific hybridization between the three species. No evidence is found for backcrosses involving hybrids ofD. cucullata, whereas some backcrosses betweenD. hyalina, D. galeata, and their hybrids are found in some lakes. In four lakes the seasonal abundances of the three species and their hybrids are determined.     

Computer-assisted analysis of envelope protein sequences of seven human immunodeficiency virus isolates: prediction of antigenic epitopes in conserved and variable regions.

Independent isolates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exhibit a striking genomic diversity, most of which is located in the viral envelope gene. Since this property of the HIV group of viruses may play an important role in the pathobiology of the virus, we analyzed the predicted amino acid sequences of the envelope proteins of seven different HIV strains, three of which represent sequential isolates from a single patient. By using a computer program that predicts the secondary protein structure and superimposes values for hydrophilicity, surface probability, and flexibility, we identified several potential antigenic epitopes in the envelope proteins of the seven different viruses. Interestingly, the majority of the predicted epitopes in the exterior envelope protein (gp120) were found in regions of high sequence variability which are interspersed with highly conserved regions among the independent viral isolates. A comparison of the sequential viral isolates revealed that changes concerning the secondary structure of the protein occurred only in regions which were predicted to be antigenic, predominantly in highly variable regions. The membrane-associated protein gp41 contains no highly variable regions; about 80% of the amino acids were found to be conserved, and only one hydrophilic area was identified as likely to be accessible to antibody recognition. These findings give insight into the secondary and possible tertiary structure of variant HIV envelope proteins and should facilitate experimental approaches directed toward the identification and fine mapping of HIV envelope proteins.     

Changes in sperm plasma membrane lipid diffusibility after hyperactivation during in vitro capacitation in the mouse

We have used the technique of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching to measure the diffusibility of the fluorescent lipid analogue, 1,1'-dihexadecyl 3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate on the morphologically distinct regions of the plasma membranes of mouse spermatozoa, and the changes in lipid diffusibility that result from in vitro hyperactivation and capacitation with bovine serum albumin. We found that, as previously observed on ram spermatozoa, lipid analogue diffusibility is regionalized on mouse spermatozoa, being fastest on the flagellum. The bovine serum albumin induced changes in diffusibility that occur with hyperactivation are also regionalized. Specifically, if we compare serum incubated in control medium, which maintains normal motility, with those hyperactivated in capacitating medium, we observe with hyperactivation an increase in lipid analogue diffusion rate in the anterior region of the head, the midpiece, and tail, and a decrease in diffusing fraction in the anterior region of the head.     

Identification and characterization of conserved and variable regions in the envelope gene of HTLV-III/LAV, the retrovirus of AIDS

To determine the extent and nature of genetic variation present in independent isolates of HTLV-III/LAV, the nucleotide sequences of the entire envelope gene and parts of gag and pol were determined for two AIDS viruses. The results indicated that variation throughout the viral genome is extensive and that the envelope gene in particular is most highly variable. Within the envelope, changes were most prevalent within the extracellular region where clustered nucleotide substitutions and deletions/insertions were evident. Based on predicted secondary protein structure and hydrophilicity, these hypervariable regions represent potential antigenic sites. In contrast to the hypervariable regions, other sequences in the extracellular envelope and the overall envelope structure (including 18 of 18 cysteine residues), as well as most of the transmembrane region, were highly conserved.