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101.
Inbred mice with the mutation diabetes C57BL/KsJ db+/db+ and the mutation obese C57BL/6J ob/ob displayed a total liver mitochondrial capacity to oxidize glutamate or succinate which was approximately eight times greater than the capacity of the C57BL/6J +/+ control mice. This increase in oxidation capacity was estimated by multiplying the observed twofold increase in each of the following components: total liver weight, the mitochondrial protein content per gram of liver, and glutamate or succinate respiration activity per milligram of liver mitochondrial protein. No significant difference in liver mitochondrial function and capacity for oxidation was observed between db+/db+ and ob/ob mutants, which indicated that these results may be primarily mediated by the genetic factors responsible for obesity and hyperphagia in these mutants, and not by the genetic traits associated with diabetes. These findings may provide a biochemical foundation in support of the thrifty gene hypothesis. 相似文献
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103.
An N-glycosylase activity that released cis-[3H]-5,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymine (thymine glycol, TG) from chemically oxidized poly(dA-[3H]dT) was unambiguously characterized both in extracts of HeLa cells and in purified Escherichia coli endonuclease III. This was accomplished by use of microderivatization procedure that quantitatively converted cis-TG to 5-hydroxy-5-methylhydantoin (HMH). The reaction products were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography before and after derivatization by using cis-[14C]TG and [14C]HMH, which had been independently synthesized, as reference compounds. This technique facilitated construction of a v/[E]t plot for the enzyme activity in HeLa cells, permitting estimation of its specific activity. The results obtained prove the existence of both human and bacterial N-glycosylase activities that effect removal of TG from DNA. 相似文献
104.
This article demonstrates a structured and collaborative approach to decision‐making in the context of adaptive management experiments, using a case study involving the restoration of a hydrological regime in a regulated river in western Canada. It provides a framework based on principles of decision analysis for structuring difficult multi‐attribute decisions and building the trust and technical capacity needed to implement them. Participants included ecologists and fisheries biologists, government regulators, electric utility employees, and representatives of aboriginal communities. The case study demonstrates a values‐based approach to implementing adaptive management that addresses some of the long‐standing difficulties associated with integrating adaptive management into restoration decisions. It highlights practical methods for incorporating participants' values concerned with learning, cultural quality, and stewardship as part of developing a decision‐making and monitoring framework for restoration initiatives. It also provides an example of how to implement principles of meaningful consultation in a restoration context, with emphasis on ensuring that all voices and concerns are heard and meaningfully incorporated. Participants have adopted the framework as a model to guide future collaborative decision‐making processes involving Aboriginal communities, regulatory agencies, and other parties. 相似文献
105.
The distributions and abundances of cyprinids in North America are declining at an alarming rate with almost half of all known species considered imperiled and in need of conservation. Much of this loss in biodiversity is a result of flow regulation and climate change, especially in streams in the southern Great Plains that are prone to large and rapid fluctuations in discharge. The overall objective of this study was to examine the influence of discharge, photoperiod, and temperature on the reproductive ecology of cyprinids in the Paluxy River, Texas. Our results support previous findings in that photoperiod and water temperature were influential in the initiation and termination of the annual reproductive season. Interannual differences in GSI for Cyprinella venusta and Notropis volucellus indicated that reproductive effort in certain cyprinids was directly linked to discharge. In 2010, mean gonadosomatic index values for C. venusta (9.60 %) and N. volucellus (9.15 %) were at least twice that of 2011 (4.61 and 3.14 %, respectively); discharge during the spawning season of 2010 averaged 1,965 cfs, whereas it averaged only 177 cfs in 2011. Indeed, yearly differences in streamflow (i.e., mean annual discharge) can significantly impact the production of ova in a variety of cyprinids, even those non-broadcast-spawning species such as C. venusta. Consequently, we suggest conservation efforts should focus on maintaining natural flow regimes to combat the overwhelming loss of cyprinid diversity, especially as water extraction and climate change continue to threaten the biodiversity of freshwater fishes. 相似文献
106.
Richard A. Stabler Jonas T. Larsson Suaad Al‐Jaberi Eva M. Nielsen Emily Kay Clarence C. Tam Craig D. Higgins Laura C. Rodrigues Judith F. Richardson Sarah J. O'Brien Brendan W. Wren 《Environmental microbiology》2013,15(8):2371-2383
Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of human bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, but source attribution of the organism is difficult. Previously, DNA microarrays were used to investigate isolate source, which suggested a non‐livestock source of infection. In this study we analysed the genome content of 162 clinical, livestock and water and wildlife (WW) associated isolates combined with the previous study. Isolates were grouped by genotypes into nine clusters (C1 to C9). Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) data demonstrated that livestock associated clonal complexes dominated clusters C1–C6. The majority of WW isolates were present in the C9 cluster. Analysis of previously reported genomic variable regions demonstrated that these regions were linked to specific clusters. Two novel variable regions were identified. A six gene multiplex PCR (mPCR) assay, designed to effectively differentiated strains into clusters, was validated with 30 isolates. A further five WW isolates were tested by mPCR and were assigned to the C7‐C9 group of clusters. The predictive mPCR test could be used to indicate if a clinical case has come from domesticated or WW sources. Our findings provide further evidence that WW C. jejuni subtypes show niche adaptation and may be important in causing human infection. 相似文献
107.
Background
Sorghum is a tropical C4 cereal that recently adapted to temperate latitudes and mechanized grain harvest through selection for dwarfism and photoperiod-insensitivity. Quantitative trait loci for these traits have been introgressed from a dwarf temperate donor into hundreds of diverse sorghum landraces to yield the Sorghum Conversion lines. Here, we report the first comprehensive genomic analysis of the molecular changes underlying this adaptation.Results
We apply genotyping-by-sequencing to 1,160 Sorghum Conversion lines and their exotic progenitors, and map donor introgressions in each Sorghum Conversion line. Many Sorghum Conversion lines carry unexpected haplotypes not found in either presumed parent. Genome-wide mapping of introgression frequencies reveals three genomic regions necessary for temperate adaptation across all Sorghum Conversion lines, containing the Dw1, Dw2, and Dw3 loci on chromosomes 9, 6, and 7 respectively. Association mapping of plant height and flowering time in Sorghum Conversion lines detects significant associations in the Dw1 but not the Dw2 or Dw3 regions. Subpopulation-specific introgression mapping suggests that chromosome 6 contains at least four loci required for temperate adaptation in different sorghum genetic backgrounds. The Dw1 region fractionates into separate quantitative trait loci for plant height and flowering time.Conclusions
Generating Sorghum Conversion lines has been accompanied by substantial unintended gene flow. Sorghum adaptation to temperate-zone grain production involves a small number of genomic regions, each containing multiple linked loci for plant height and flowering time. Further characterization of these loci will accelerate the adaptation of sorghum and related grasses to new production systems for food and fuel. 相似文献108.
We propose that a comparative approach to well-being could be the key to understanding ‘the good life.’ Inspired by current theories of human well-being and animal welfare, we designed a novel test of exploration behavior. Environmentally and socially enriched Long-Evans female rats (N = 60) were trained in four simultaneously presented arms of an eight-arm radial-maze. They learned to expect successes in two arms and failures in the other two. After training, 20 animals remained in enriched housing (enrichment-maintenance) while 40 animals were re-housed in standard, isolated conditions (enrichment-removal). Two weeks later, all animals were re-tested in the maze, initially with access to the four familiar arms only. In the final minute, they also had access to the unfamiliar ambiguous-arms. Though both groups showed significant interest in the ambiguous-arms (P<.0001), the enrichment-maintenance group showed a significantly greater exploratory tendency (P<.01) despite having equivalent levels of activity (P>.3). Thus, we show not only that rats will abandon known rewards and incur risk in order to explore, indicating that exploration is valuable in its own right, but also that individuals with (vs. without) enriched housing conditions are more likely to engage in such exploratory behavior. This novel test contributes to the body of knowledge examining the importance of exploration in humans and other animals; implications for animal welfare and human well-being are discussed. 相似文献
109.
110.
Pádraig J. Ross Caroline E. Sutton Sarah Higgins Aideen C. Allen Kevin Walsh Alicja Misiak Ed C. Lavelle Rachel M. McLoughlin Kingston H. G. Mills 《PLoS pathogens》2013,9(4)
Whooping cough caused by Bordetella pertussis is a re-emerging infectious disease despite the introduction of safer acellular pertussis vaccines (Pa). One explanation for this is that Pa are less protective than the more reactogenic whole cell pertussis vaccines (Pw) that they replaced. Although Pa induce potent antibody responses, and protection has been found to be associated with high concentrations of circulating IgG against vaccine antigens, it has not been firmly established that host protection induced with this vaccine is mediated solely by humoral immunity. The aim of this study was to examine the relative contribution of Th1 and Th17 cells in host immunity to infection with B. pertussis and in immunity induced by immunization with Pw and Pa and to use this information to help rationally design a more effective Pa. Our findings demonstrate that Th1 and Th17 both function in protective immunity induced by infection with B. pertussis or immunization with Pw. In contrast, a current licensed Pa, administered with alum as the adjuvant, induced Th2 and Th17 cells, but weak Th1 responses. We found that IL-1 signalling played a central role in protective immunity induced with alum-adsorbed Pa and this was associated with the induction of Th17 cells. Pa generated strong antibody and Th2 responses, but was fully protective in IL-4-defective mice, suggesting that Th2 cells were dispensable. In contrast, Pa failed to confer protective immunity in IL-17A-defective mice. Bacterial clearance mediated by Pa-induced Th17 cells was associated with cell recruitment to the lungs after challenge. Finally, protective immunity induced by an experimental Pa could be enhanced by substituting alum with a TLR agonist that induces Th1 cells. Our findings demonstrate that alum promotes protective immunity through IL-1β-induced IL-17A production, but also reveal that optimum protection against B. pertussis requires induction of Th1, but not Th2 cells. 相似文献