全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1706篇 |
免费 | 123篇 |
国内免费 | 2篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 2篇 |
2022年 | 11篇 |
2021年 | 19篇 |
2020年 | 15篇 |
2019年 | 11篇 |
2018年 | 26篇 |
2017年 | 27篇 |
2016年 | 34篇 |
2015年 | 39篇 |
2014年 | 57篇 |
2013年 | 71篇 |
2012年 | 110篇 |
2011年 | 105篇 |
2010年 | 72篇 |
2009年 | 65篇 |
2008年 | 97篇 |
2007年 | 117篇 |
2006年 | 99篇 |
2005年 | 102篇 |
2004年 | 117篇 |
2003年 | 106篇 |
2002年 | 106篇 |
2001年 | 47篇 |
2000年 | 42篇 |
1999年 | 28篇 |
1998年 | 28篇 |
1997年 | 27篇 |
1996年 | 9篇 |
1995年 | 21篇 |
1994年 | 13篇 |
1993年 | 17篇 |
1992年 | 18篇 |
1991年 | 15篇 |
1990年 | 21篇 |
1989年 | 19篇 |
1988年 | 10篇 |
1987年 | 21篇 |
1986年 | 13篇 |
1985年 | 11篇 |
1984年 | 15篇 |
1983年 | 13篇 |
1982年 | 3篇 |
1981年 | 6篇 |
1980年 | 2篇 |
1979年 | 2篇 |
1978年 | 4篇 |
1976年 | 3篇 |
1974年 | 2篇 |
1973年 | 5篇 |
1972年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有1831条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
Bacteria have devised sophisticated signaling systems for elicitinga variety of adaptive responses to their environment, whichare generally referred to as the "two-component regulatory system."The widespread occurrence of the two-component systems in bothprokaryotes and eukaryotes implies that it is a powerful devicefor a wide variety of adaptive responses of cells to their environment.The two-component signal transducers contain one or more ofthree conserved and characteristic phosphotransfer signalingdomains, named the "transmitter, receiver, and alternative transmitter."The recently determined entire genomic sequence of Synechocystissp. strain PCC 6803 allowed us to compile systematically a completelist of genes encoding such two-component signal transductionproteins. The results of such an effort, made in this study,revealed that at least 80 ORFs were identified as members ofthe two-component signal transducers in this single speciesof cyanobacteria. 相似文献
32.
Sachiko Terui Kuninori Suzuki Hidenori Takahashi Ryuuichi Itoh Tsuneyoshi Kuroiwa 《Journal of phycology》1995,31(6):958-961
A system of highly synchronized chloroplast divisions was developed in the unicellular red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae De Luca, Taddei, & Varano. Chloroplast divisions were examined by epifluorescence microscopy following treatments with light and inhibitors. When the cells during stationary phase were transferred into a new medium under a 12:12 h LD cycle, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and cell nuclei divided synchronously in that order soon after the initiation of dark periods. More than 40% of the cells contained dividing chloroplasts. To obtain a system of highly synchronized cell division and chloroplast division, the cells synchronized by a 12:12 h LD cycle were treated with various inhibitors. Nocodazole and propyzamide did not affect cell and organelle divisions, whereas aphidicolin markedly inhibited cell-nuclear divisions and cytokinesis and induced a delay in chloroplast division. More than 80% of the cells contained dividing chloroplasts when cells synchronized by light were treated with aphidicolin for 12 h. This synchronized system will be useful for studies of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of organelle divisions . 相似文献
33.
Koichi Chikuni Yutaka Mori Toshiyuki Tabata Masayoshi Saito Michiko Monma Motoaki Kosugiyama 《Journal of molecular evolution》1995,41(6):859-866
Nucleotide sequences for the -casein precursor proteins have been determined from the genomic DNAs or hair roots of the Ruminantia. The coding regions, exons 2, 3, and 4, were amplified separately via the three kinds of PCRs and then directly sequenced. The primers were designed from the sequence of bovine -casein gene; they were applicable for the amplification of the -casein genes from the 13 species in the Ruminantia except exon 2 of the lesser mouse deer. These results permitted an easy phylogenetic analysis based on the sequences of an autosomal gene. A phylogenetic tree was constructed from the mature K-casein sequences and compared with the tree of the cytochrome b genes which were sequenced from the same individuals. The Cervidae (sika deer, Cervus nippon) were separated from the branch of the Bovidae on the tree of -casein genes with a relatively high confidence level of the bootstrap analysis, but included in the branch of the Bovidae on the tree of cytochrome b genes. The -casein tree indicated a monophyly of the subfamily Caprinae, although the internal branches were uncertain in the Caprinae. The tree based on the nucleotide sequences of cytochrome b genes clearly showed the relationships of the closely related species in the genus Capricornis consisting of serow (C. smatorensis), Japanese serow (C. crispus), and Formosan serow (C. swinhoei). These results would be explained by the difference of resolving power between the -casein and the cytochrome b sequences.
Correspondence to: K. Chikuni 相似文献
34.
Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana with the codA gene for choline oxidase; accumulation of glycinebetaine and enhanced tolerance to salt and cold stress 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Hidenori Hayashi Alia Laszlo Mustardy Patchraporn Deshnium Miki Ida Norio Murata 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》1997,12(1):133-142
Glycinebetaine is one of the compatible solutes that accumulate in the chloroplasts of certain halotolerant plants when these plants are exposed to salt or cold stress. The codA gene for choline oxidase, the enzyme that converts choline into glycinebetaine, has previously been cloned from a soil bacterium, Arthrobacter globiformis. Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana with the cloned codA gene under the control of the 35S promoter of cauliflower mosaic virus enabled the plant to accumulate glycinebetaine and enhanced its tolerance to salt and cold stress. At 300 mM NaCl, considerable proportions of seeds of transformed plants germinated well, whereas seeds of wild-type plants failed to germinate. At 100 mM NaCl, transformed plants grew well whereas wild-type plants did not do so. The transformed plants tolerated 200 mM NaCl, which was lethal to wild-type plants. After plants had been incubated with 400 mM NaCl for two days, the photosystem II activity of wild-type plants had almost completely disappeared, whereas that of transformed plants remained at more than 50% of the original level. When exposed to a low temperature in the light, leaves of wild-type plants exhibited symptoms of chlorosis, whereas those of transformed plants did not. These observations demonstrate that the genetic modification of Arabidopsis thaliana that allowed it to accumulate glycinebetaine enhanced its ability to tolerate salt and cold stress. 相似文献
35.
Hidenori Ubukata 《Population Ecology》1984,26(2):285-301
Females of an odonate species in which oviposition sites overlap with mating sites may adopt one or more of the following strategies when they lay eggs except when they ‘trade’ mating for access to suitable oviposition sites or for services (guarding, etc.) provided by males: (1) ovipositing at hidden places; (2) ovipositing at a time when males are neither patrolling nor watching; (3) indicating non-receptivity by a behavioral display. The density of ovipositing females of the dragonfly, Cordulia aenea amurensisSelys which was studied between 1970 and 1983 at a pond (Hôrai-numa, Sapporo, Hokkaido) had a high negative correlation with the distance from ‘entrance’ (a part of shore at which the arrival of most adults seems to have occurred). On the other hand, oviposition was rarely observed at a sector being distant from entrance in spite of the inference that larval survivorship was probably high at this sector. Most females oviposited among emergent vegetation in which approach of males to them was difficult, and they scarcely traveled across the open water in search of oviposition sites. Therefore, most females of the population studied were considered to adopt the first strategy. The second and third strategy were not adopted by the population studied. Finally, the influences of some environmental factors and traits possessed by a species on the adoption of these tactics or on the execution of the ‘trades’ were discussed. 相似文献
36.
Yukiyoshi Tamura Shigeharu Nakamura Hiroshi Fukui Mamoru Tabata 《Plant cell reports》1984,3(5):183-185
Clonal propagation of Stevia rebaudiana has been established by culturing stem-tips with a few leaf primordia on an agar medium supplemented with a high concentration (10 mg/l) of kinetin. Anatomical examination has suggested that these multiple shoots originate from a number of adventitious buds formed on the margin of the leaf. Innumerable shoots can be obtained by repeating the cycle of multiple-shoot formation from a single stem-tip of Stevia. These shoots produce roots when transferred to a medium containing NAA (0.1 mg/l) without kinetin. The regenerated plantlets can be transplanted to soil. 相似文献
37.
A new technique was devised for the dynamic detection of the axoplasmic transport of β-radioactively labeled materials in which a semiconductor radiation detector was used as the β-ray counter. The detector element is a silicon p-n junction diode and has a diameter of 2.0 mm. With this detector, the β-radioactive distribution of axoplasmic transport could be measured in an axon maintained physiologically without cutting nerves. This method makes possible determination of the transport rate using one bundle of peripheral nerves. The rate in the bullfrog was 6.4 mm per hour at 24.0 °C. Temperature effects on the bullfrog axoplasmic transport were also observed at different temperatures, ranging from 5.0 to 24.0 °C. At these temperatures the rate increased as an exponential function of temperature from 1.1 to 6.4 mm per hour. Within this temperature range, the Q10 is 2.5 and an Arrhenius plot of the natural logarithm of velocity versus the reciprocal of absolute temperature yielded an apparent activation energy of 14.8 Kcal. This technique offers great advantages in permitting direct study of the axoplasmic flow of the axon in a physiological condition. 相似文献
38.
Lipoxygenase, Hydroperoxide Lyase and Volatile C6-Aldehyde Formation from C18-Fatty Acids during Development of Phaseolus vulgaris L. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kidney bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) were found to have thecapability to produce C6-aldehydes (hexanal and hexenals) fromlinoleic and linolenic acids. The various organs tested hadlipoxygenase and hydroperoxide lyase activities responsiblefor the C6-aldehyde formation. Young leaves showed relativelyhigh activities for C6-aldehyde formation. However, the activitiesof the leaves decreased gradually with leaf expansion. Seedlingsand seeds containing cotyledons showed low activities for C6-aldehydeformation, because of the occurrence of an inhibitory factorin the cotyledons. The substrate specificity of the enzymeswas essentially the same among the various developmental stagesof leaves tested. (Received February 5, 1982; Accepted March 19, 1982) 相似文献
39.
Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Genes from Pisum sativum: Structure, Organ-Specific Expression and Regulation by Fungal Elicitor and Suppressor 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
40.
Electrotonic Coupling between Adjacent Internodal Cells of Chara braunii: Transmission of Action Potentials beyond the Node 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Many nodal cells are interposed between two internodal cellsof Chara braunii. When an action potential conducted in an internodereached the node, no electrical activation in the nodal cellscould be found, although an area of the membrane bordering thenodal cells in this internode was partially activated (end-membraneaction potential). When the action potential approached thenode along the stimulated internode, an electrotonic potentialchange (depolarization) was produced in the other internode.This depolarization was greatly depressed by the end-membraneaction potential of the stimulated internode, so that hardlyany transmission took place. The ratio of the potential changein the surface membrane of the adjoining ("postsynaptic") internode(cell b) to that of the stimulated one (cell a), the couplingratio, eb/ea, can be estimated from a simple equivalent circuitof the nodal region composed of two surface-membrane resistances(Ra, Rb) and intercellular resistance (Rn). If Rn remains thesame, a higher ratio should be produced with a larger Rb, butthe ratio does not depend on any change in Ra, which could beproved experimentally. Transmission of the action potentialbeyond the node was frequent when the coupling ratio was increasedand when the threshold that elicits the action potential waslowered by immersing the node in a K or Na salt solution.
1 Present address: Department of Physiology, Tohoku UniversitySchool of Dentistry, Sendai 980, Japan. (Received December 1, 1980; Accepted January 23, 1981) 相似文献