Increased Acetylcholine Synthesis and Release in Brains of Cats with GM1 Gangliosidosis

Cholinergic processes were measured in motor cortex, hippocampus, and striatum of cats in the terminal stages of GM1 gangliosidosis and compared to those of control cats. The greatest difference observed was elevation in the rate of K+-stimulated release of acetylcholine (ACh) from brain slices prepared from affected cats. The K+-stimulated release of endogenous ACh was increased by 31-43% and of newly synthesized ACh by 19-80% in brain slices from different brain regions. All regions that were examined were affected but the greatest effects occurred in cortex. The rate of synthesis of ACh was elevated in cortical and hippocampal slices. Choline acetyltransferase activity in brain regions of cats with GM1 gangliosidosis was not significantly different from that in controls, whereas high-affinity choline transport in cortical synaptosomes was elevated. Muscarinic receptor binding sites were reduced in the cortex, hippocampus, and striatum of GM1 mutant cats, whereas the apparent affinity was not altered. These results indicate that there are major alterations of cholinergic function in the brains of cats with GM1 gangliosidosis.     

Decreased Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Number in the Central Nervous System of the Tottering (tg/tg) Mouse

The tottering mouse (tg/tg) is a single-locus mutant, phenotypically characterized by the development of epilepsy associated with distinct electroencephalographic abnormalities. Because of reported alterations in muscarinic receptor (mAChR) number in various seizure states, mAChR density was examined in discrete brain regions of tottering (tg/tg) and coisogenic wild-type (+/+) mice. Saturation binding experiments revealed a widespread decrease in membrane mAChR density in the CNS of adult tottering (tg/tg) mice as compared with age-matched control wild-type (+/+) mice. The decrease was most pronounced in the hippocampus, where tg/tg mice exhibited a 40-60% reduction in mAChR density with no change in the affinity of the receptor for antagonists or agonists. At postnatal day 10, before the reported onset of electroencephalographic abnormalities, 114 and 65% increases in mAChR density were observed in the tg/tg hippocampus and cortex, respectively. Following the development of seizure activity at postnatal day 22, mAChR density in the tg/tg hippocampus was reduced by 29%. No change in brain mAChR density was seen in adult heterozygotes (+/tg), which do not develop electroencephalographic or seizure abnormalities. These results indicate that the development of reduced mAChR number in the CNS of the tg/tg mouse is secondary to abnormal neuronal activity, providing further support for the hypothesis that membrane depolarization can cause a decrease in neuronal mAChR density.     

Sperm-oocyte membrane fusion in the human during monospermic fertilization

Sperm-oocyte membrane fusion has been observed during monospermic fertilization of a human oocyte in vitro. Women were stimulated with both clomiphene citrate and human menopausal gonadotropin and were given human chorionic gonadotropin before a LH-surge. Twelve oocytes, collected at laparoscopy from six women who became pregnant by IVF, were allowed to mature for 7–14 hours in vitro and inseminated with preincubated sperm, fixed between 1–3 hours after insemination, and examined by transmission electron microscopy. Membrane fusion had occurred in one ovum 2 hours after insemination, and the oocyte had resumed maturation and was at anaphase II of meiosis. Cortical granules had been exocytosed, and some of their contents were visible at the surface close to the oolemma all around the oocyte. The sperm that fused with this oocyte was acrosome-reacted and had been partly incorporated into the ooplasm, while the anterior two-thirds of its head was phagocytosed by a tongue of cortical ooplasm. Membrane fusion had occurred between the oolemma and the plasma membrane overlying the postacrosomal segment of the sperm head, posterior to the equatorial vestige. Sperm chromatin had not decondensed, and serial sections revealed a midpiece attached to the basal plate and a tail located deeper in the ooplasm, all devoid of plasma membrane. Supplementary sperm penetrating the inner zona, approaching the perivitelline space, had undergone the acrosome reaction but had a persistent vestige of the equatorial segment of the acrosome with intact plasma membrane. Evidence of sperm chromatin decondensation was seen in other oocytes, 3 hours after insemination, which were at telophase II of meiosis. Eight oocytes penetrated by sperm were monospermic, while four were unfertilized. The general pattern of sperm fusion and incorporation appears to conform to that seen in most other mammals. The study also reveals that sperm have to complete the acrosome reaction before fusing with the egg.     

Photoaffinity labeling of the tetrabenazine binding sites of bovine chromaffin granule membranes

An azido derivative of tetrabenazine, a specific inhibitor of the monoamine carrier of chromaffin granule membranes, has been synthesized. In the dark, this compound, 3H-labeled N-(3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4,6,7-hexahydro-11bH-benzo [a]quinolizin-2-yl)-4-[(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)amino]butanamide+ ++ ([3H]TBA), bound reversibly to purified chromaffin granule membranes. Centrifugation through SP-Sephadex columns was used to separate bound and free [3H]TBA. This technique gave low levels of nonspecific binding and allowed recovery of [3H]TBA-membrane complexes. Scatchard analysis of the data indicated one class of sites with an equilibrium dissociation constant KD of 50 nM and a density of sites of 40-50 pmol/mg of protein, consistent with reported densities of reserpine and dihydrotetrabenazine binding sites. Competition experiments showed that TBA and tetrabenazine bound to the same site. Irradiation at 435 nm of [3H]TBA-membrane mixtures induced some irreversible binding of the probe to membranes. After irreversible binding of TBA, the number of dihydrotetrabenazine binding sites was decreased, indicating that the probe was covalently bound to the monoamine carrier. [3H]TBA-membrane complexes isolated by centrifugation through SP-Sephadex columns were irradiated, and their radioactivity was analyzed by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels. A polypeptide with a molecular weight of 70 000 was labeled. This polypeptide was different from dopamine beta-hydroxylase, and it was not adsorbed on concanavalin A-Sepharose. It is proposed that the monoamine carrier of chromaffin granule membrane has an oligomeric structure, involving a 45K subunit [Gabizon, R., Yetinson, T., & Schuldiner, S. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 15145] and a 70K subunit.     

Spectroscopic studies of protein-heme interactions accompanying the allosteric transition in methemoglobins

Resonance Raman, optical absorption, and circular dichroism spectroscopic techniques have been used to examine the effect of the addition of inositol hexaphosphate (IHP) to a series of carp and human methemoglobin derivatives. Markers of spin equilibrium in the high-frequency region (1450-1650 cm-1) of the resonance Raman spectrum yield high/low-spin ratios consistent with direct magnetic susceptibility measurements. Changes in the low-frequency region (100-600 cm-1) of the resonance Raman spectrum appear to correlate with the quaternary structure transition. Changes in the ultraviolet absorption spectra and the circular dichroism spectra also appear to be related to the quaternary structure change. By using the resonance Raman spin markers, we find that those derivatives of carp methemoglobin which are in spin equilibrium have a larger ratio of high-spin to low-spin populations than the corresponding derivatives of human methemoglobin. Upon the addition of IHP to the methemoglobins the spin equilibrium is shifted toward a larger high-spin population. This change in equilibrium is larger for the carp protein than for the human protein. We obtain an IHP-induced change in the free energy difference between the high-spin and low-spin states of 300 cal/mol for those human methemoglobins in which a quaternary structure change occurs and 600 cal/mol for carp methemoglobins. Our data are consistent with a quaternary structure change induced by IHP in all the carp methemoglobins studied (F-, H2O, SCN-, NO2-, N3-, and CN-) and in the F-, H2O, and SCN- derivatives of the human protein but not in the NO2-, N3-, and CN- derivatives. The Fe-CN stretching mode has been identified by isotopic substitution and found to be unchanged in frequency in carp CN- metHb when the quaternary structure is changed. On the basis of our results we conclude that the protein forces at the heme due to the addition of IHP do not significantly affect the position of the iron atom with respect to the heme plane. Rather, the changes in spin equilibrium may be caused by protein-induced changes in the orientation of the proximal histidine or tertiary structure changes in the heme pocket which affect the porphyrin macrocycle. Either of these changes, or a combination thereof, leads to changes in the iron d orbital energies and concomitant changes in the spin equilibrium.     

Acid phosphatase localization in the digestive glands of Dionaea muscipula Ellis flytraps

The intracellular localization of acid phosphatases in stimulated digestive glands of Dionaea flytraps has been studied to provide evidence for the route taken by this enzyme during secretion. Previous studies have either included or excluded a role for the dictyosomes in this pathway. Both p-nitrophenyl phosphate and beta-glycerophosphate were used as substrates, and both gave similar localization patterns. Unstimulated glands contained little phosphatase activity in the endomembrane system, whereas 24 and 48 hr after stimulation, heavy deposits of lead were located in the endoplasmic reticulum cisternae, including the nuclear envelope, the dictyosome cisternae, and secretory vesicles. Since dictyosome activation, as judged by the presence of secretory vesicles in the cytoplasm, also coincides with gland stimulation, we conclude that secretion of the hydrolase enzymes occurs via this route and not, as suggested elsewhere, via direct endoplasmic reticulum to plasma membrane connections.     

Excretion of cholate glucuronide

[3-3H]Cholic acid glucuronide [7 alpha,12 alpha-dihydroxy-3 alpha-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyluronate)-5 beta- cholan-24-oate] was synthesized and administered to rats prepared with either an external biliary fistula or a ligated bile duct. When bile fistula animals were given either microgram or milligram amounts of the glucuronide, biliary secretion of label was rapid and efficient: greater than 90% of the administered label was secreted within 60 min and total recovery of label in bile was 98.6 +/- 1.2%. Studies in which [14C]taurocholate was included in the dose indicated that this bile acid was secreted into bile significantly more rapidly than was the glucuronide. In animals with ligated bile ducts, urinary excretion was the major route of elimination: after 20 hr, 83.4 +/- 9.3% of the administered dose had been excreted in urine. Urinary excretion of cholate glucuronide was significantly more rapid than that of taurocholate. Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of the methyl ester acetate derivatives of labeled compounds isolated from bile and urine by chromatography established that the bulk (greater than 70%) of the administered material was secreted in bile or excreted in urine as the intact cholate glucuronide. From these results, we conclude that the glucuronidation of cholic acid produces a derivative which is rapidly and effectively cleared from the circulation and excreted.     

The impact of zooplankton size structure on phosphorus cycling in field enclosures

Plastic bag field enclosures (1570 1) were used to investigate the relationship between zooplankton size distributions and the turnover rate of pelagic phosphorus. Water within the enclosures was filtered to simulate either low (200 µm mesh net) or high (80 µm) planktivory. The bags were then spiked with radiolabelled phosphorus and sampled 7 times during the following 24 h period. Zooplankton communities dominated by smaller size classes cycled more phosphorus than those composed of larger species. These experiments reveal that higher trophic level interactions, such as size selective predation, may have a significant impact upon nutrient regeneration rates and, hence, primary production.     

Cleavage of Rabbit Myelin Basic Protein by Plasmin: Isolation and Identification of the Major Products

Rabbit myelin basic protein (BP) was subjected to partial cleavage with plasmin, and 15 cleavage products were isolated by a combination of gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. Their identification was achieved by amino acid analysis and tryptic peptide mapping, supplemented in some instances by carboxy-terminal analyses with carboxypeptidases A, B, and Y and amino-terminal analyses with dipeptidyl aminopeptidase I. The results showed that major plasmic cleavage sites included the Lys89-Asn90, Lys133-Ser134, and Lys153-Leu154 bonds. Cleavages also occurred at the Arg31-His32, Lys53-Arg54, and Arg25-His26 bonds, but these appeared to be less extensive. A large number of additional peptides were produced in relatively low yield. The smaller of these were isolated from heterogeneous fractions by high-voltage electrophoresis-TLC. Amino acid analysis of these peptides showed that minor cleavage sites included the Arg9-His10, Lys13-Tyr14, Lys103-Gly104, Lys137-Gly138, Lys140-Gly141, and Arg160-Ser161 bonds. In spite of a lower selectivity toward peptide bonds in BP as compared with pepsin, cathepsin D, and thrombin, plasmin has the advantage over the former proteinases in that it does not cleave at or near the Phe44-Phe45 bond. Instead it cleaves at the Arg31-His32 and Lys53-Arg54 bonds, thus preserving the entire hydrophobic sequence Ile-Leu-Asp-Ser-Ile-Gly-Arg-Phe-Phe as well as short sequences to either side.     

In vitro translation of human pheochromocytoma messenger RNAs: characterization of tyrosine-hydroxylase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase

mRNAs extracted from human pheochromocytoma were translated in vitro in a lysate of a rabbit reticulocytes. Two enzymes of the biosynthetic pathway of the catecholamines, tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), were characterized as translation products after immunoprecipitation by specific antisera and electrophoretic analysis. The precursor of TH is a polypeptide having a molecular mass of 62,000 identical to that found for the mature protein. The molecular mass of the precursor of DBH 73,000 while that of the mature form is 79,000. TH and DBH have been translated from mRNAs having sedimentation coefficients of 22S and 25S, respectively.