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D M Ainsworth C A Smith B D Johnson S W Eicker K S Henderson J A Dempsey 《Journal of applied physiology》1992,72(4):1355-1361
We examined the effects of reversible vagal cooling on respiratory muscle activities in awake chronically instrumented tracheotomized dogs. We specifically analyzed electromyographic (EMG) activity and its ventilatory correlates, end-expiratory lung volume (EELV) and diaphragmatic resting length via sonomicrometry. Elimination of phasic and tonic mechanoreceptor activity by vagal cooling doubled the EMG activity of the costal, crural, and parasternal muscles, with activation occurring sooner relative to the onset of inspiratory flow. Diaphragmatic postinspiration inspiratory activity in the intact dog coincided with a brief mechanical shortening of the diaphragm during early expiration; vagal blockade removed both the electrical activity and the mechanical shortening. Vagal blockade also doubled the EMG activity of a rib cage expiratory muscle, the triangularis sterni, but reduced that of an abdominal expiratory muscle, the transversus abdominis. Within-breath electrical activity of both muscles occurred sooner relative to the onset of expiratory flow during vagal blockade. Vagal cooling was also associated with a 12% increase in EELV and a 5% decrease in end-expiratory resting length of the diaphragm. We conclude that vagal input significantly modulates inspiratory and expiratory muscle activities, which help regulate EELV efficiently and optimize diaphragmatic length during eupneic breathing in the awake dog. 相似文献
64.
Cells of Chroomonas salina were exposed to [14C]acetate, [l4C]16:0,[14C]18:0, [14C]18:1(n-9), [14C]18:2(n6) or [14C]18:3(n3)for 1 h and then incubated for 24 h in non-radioactive medium.At the end of the pulse period, non-glycolipid polar lipidscontained the highest proportions of radioactivity incorporatedfrom [14C]acetate and [14C]18:3(n3) whereas with [14C]16:0,[14C]18:1 and [14C]18:2(n6), triacylglycerols were mosthighly labelled. 14C-18:0 was recovered mainly as non-esterifiedfatty acid. Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol initially contained17% of label incorporated from [14C]acetate but less than 3%of that from [14C]fatty acids. With all substrates, excluding[14C]18:0, a gradual transfer of label from polar lipids totriacylglycerols was observed during the chase period. Saturatesand monoenes synthesised from [14C]acetate were mostly transferedfrom phospholipids and glycolipids to neutral lipid withoutfurther desaturation. Most of the incorporated 14C-fatty acidsremained unchanged and only with [14C]18:3(n3) was substantialamounts of label recovered in penta- and hexaenoic fatty acids.The results indicate that, under the conditions of the study,lipid synthesis in the algae was heavily dominated by triacylglycerolformation and that the mechanisms of fatty acid desaturationin this species may differ from those in higher plants. (Received December 10, 1991; Accepted March 6, 1992) 相似文献
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Henderson R Sali A Baker ML Carragher B Devkota B Downing KH Egelman EH Feng Z Frank J Grigorieff N Jiang W Ludtke SJ Medalia O Penczek PA Rosenthal PB Rossmann MG Schmid MF Schröder GF Steven AC Stokes DL Westbrook JD Wriggers W Yang H Young J Berman HM Chiu W Kleywegt GJ Lawson CL 《Structure (London, England : 1993)》2012,20(2):205-214
This Meeting Review describes the proceedings and conclusions from the inaugural meeting of the Electron Microscopy Validation Task Force organized by the Unified Data Resource for 3DEM (http://www.emdatabank.org) and held at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, NJ on September 28 and 29, 2010. At the workshop, a group of scientists involved in collecting electron microscopy data, using the data to determine three-dimensional electron microscopy (3DEM) density maps, and building molecular models into the maps explored how to assess maps, models, and other data that are deposited into the Electron Microscopy Data Bank and Protein Data Bank public data archives. The specific recommendations resulting from the workshop aim to increase the impact of 3DEM in biology and medicine. 相似文献
66.
Antibody production tests have traditionally been used to test biological materials for viral contamination. Now molecular biology techniques have emerged as an alternative. The authors compare MAP testing with PCR-based detection methods, focusing on differences in animal use, laboratory requirements, sample size, and limits of detection. 相似文献
67.
Huff JL Lynch MP Nettikadan S Johnson JC Vengasandra S Henderson E 《Journal of biomolecular screening》2004,9(6):491-497
The atomic force microscope (AFM) uses a sharp micron-scale tip to scan and amplify surface features, providing exceptionally detailed topographical information with magnification on the order of x10(6). This instrument is used extensively for quality control in the computer and semiconductor industries and is becoming a progressively more important tool in the biological sciences. Advantages of the AFM for biological application include the ability to obtain information in a direct, label-free manner and the ability to image in solution, providing real-time data acquisition under physiologically relevant conditions. A novel application of the AFM currently under development combines its surface profiling capabilities with fixed immuno-capture using antibodies immobilized in a nanoarray format. This provides a distinctive platform for direct, label-free detection and characterization of viral particles and other pathogens. 相似文献
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Alexander S. Mikheyev Landry Tchingnoumba Ann Henderson Alfonso Alonso 《Diversity & distributions》2008,14(2):301-306
We studied the effect of propagule pressure on the establishment and subsequent spread of the invasive little fire ant Wasmannia auropunctata in a Gabonese oilfield in lowland rain forest. Oil well drilling, the major anthropogenic disturbance over the past 21 years in the area, was used as an indirect measure of propagule pressure. An analysis of 82 potential introductions at oil production platforms revealed that the probability of successful establishment significantly increased with the number of drilling events. Specifically, the shape of the dose–response establishment curve could be closely approximated by a Poisson process with a 34% chance of infestation per well drilled. Consistent with our knowledge of largely clonal reproduction by W. auropunctata , the shape of the establishment curve suggested that the ants were not substantially affected by Allee effects, probably greatly contributing to this species' success as an invader. By contrast, the extent to which W. auropunctata spread beyond the point of initial introduction, and thus the extent of its damage to diversity of other ant species, was independent of propagule pressure. These results suggest that while establishment success depends on propagule pressure, other ecological or genetic factors may limit the extent of further spread. Knowledge of the shape of the dose–response establishment curve should prove useful in modelling the future spread of W. auropunctata and perhaps the spread of other clonal organisms. 相似文献
70.
Phage display in the study of infectious diseases 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Microbial infections are dependent on the panoply of interactions between pathogen and host and identifying the molecular basis of such interactions is necessary to understand and control infection. Phage display is a simple functional genomic methodology for screening and identifying protein-ligand interactions and is widely used in epitope mapping, antibody engineering and screening for receptor agonists or antagonists. Phage display is also used widely in various forms, including the use of fragment libraries of whole microbial genomes, to identify peptide-ligand and protein-ligand interactions that are of importance in infection. In particular, this technique has proved successful in identifying microbial adhesins that are vital for colonization. 相似文献