全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3118篇 |
免费 | 203篇 |
专业分类
3321篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 19篇 |
2020年 | 19篇 |
2019年 | 21篇 |
2018年 | 34篇 |
2017年 | 31篇 |
2016年 | 47篇 |
2015年 | 87篇 |
2014年 | 116篇 |
2013年 | 162篇 |
2012年 | 160篇 |
2011年 | 167篇 |
2010年 | 93篇 |
2009年 | 84篇 |
2008年 | 143篇 |
2007年 | 188篇 |
2006年 | 176篇 |
2005年 | 160篇 |
2004年 | 155篇 |
2003年 | 144篇 |
2002年 | 134篇 |
2001年 | 29篇 |
2000年 | 22篇 |
1999年 | 35篇 |
1998年 | 38篇 |
1997年 | 34篇 |
1996年 | 31篇 |
1995年 | 37篇 |
1994年 | 27篇 |
1993年 | 41篇 |
1992年 | 19篇 |
1991年 | 21篇 |
1990年 | 28篇 |
1989年 | 30篇 |
1988年 | 37篇 |
1987年 | 30篇 |
1985年 | 32篇 |
1984年 | 29篇 |
1983年 | 42篇 |
1982年 | 38篇 |
1981年 | 37篇 |
1980年 | 42篇 |
1979年 | 31篇 |
1978年 | 33篇 |
1977年 | 28篇 |
1976年 | 23篇 |
1975年 | 24篇 |
1973年 | 25篇 |
1971年 | 18篇 |
1970年 | 21篇 |
1967年 | 18篇 |
排序方式: 共有3321条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
101.
Natural climate solutions versus bioenergy: Can carbon benefits of natural succession compete with bioenergy from short rotation coppice? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gerald Kalt Andreas Mayer Michaela C. Theurl Christian Lauk Karl‐Heinz Erb Helmut Haberl 《Global Change Biology Bioenergy》2019,11(11):1283-1297
Short rotation plantations are often considered as holding vast potentials for future global bioenergy supply. In contrast to raising biomass harvests in forests, purpose‐grown biomass does not interfere with forest carbon (C) stocks. Provided that agricultural land can be diverted from food and feed production without impairing food security, energy plantations on current agricultural land appear as a beneficial option in terms of renewable, climate‐friendly energy supply. However, instead of supporting energy plantations, land could also be devoted to natural succession. It then acts as a long‐term C sink which also results in C benefits. We here compare the sink strength of natural succession on arable land with the C saving effects of bioenergy from plantations. Using geographically explicit data on global cropland distribution among climate and ecological zones, regionally specific C accumulation rates are calculated with IPCC default methods and values. C savings from bioenergy are given for a range of displacement factors (DFs), acknowledging the varying efficiency of bioenergy routes and technologies in fossil fuel displacement. A uniform spatial pattern is assumed for succession and bioenergy plantations, and the considered timeframes range from 20 to 100 years. For many parameter settings—in particular, longer timeframes and high DFs—bioenergy yields higher cumulative C savings than natural succession. Still, if woody biomass displaces liquid transport fuels or natural gas‐based electricity generation, natural succession is competitive or even superior for timeframes of 20–50 years. This finding has strong implications with climate and environmental policies: Freeing land for natural succession is a worthwhile low‐cost natural climate solution that has many co‐benefits for biodiversity and other ecosystem services. A considerable risk, however, is C stock losses (i.e., emissions) due to disturbances or land conversion at a later time. 相似文献
102.
Recent observational studies form oligotrophic waters provide ample evidence that mixotrophic flagellates often account for the bulk of bacterivory. However, we lack a general framework that allows a mechanistic understanding of success of mixotrophs in the competition with heterotrophic bacterivores. This is especially needed for integrating mixotrophy in models of the microbial loop. Based on general tradeoffs linked to the combined resource use in mixotrophs (generalist versus specialist), we propose a concept where mixotrophs are favored by conditions of high light – low losses, corresponding to the situation found in the surface waters of oligotrophic oceans. Under such conditions, they can achieve positive net growth at very low resource levels, allowing simultaneous competition with specialized protists. Conversely, heterotrophic bacterivores and photoautotrophs should be especially favored in more productive and low‐light conditions. We show experimentally that the combined effect of light and loss rates (dilution) predicts the success of mixotrophic bacterivorous flagellates. Moreover, our results suggest that total bacterivory, contrary as seen in the traditional microbial loop concept, has a more intricate coupling to light. 相似文献
103.
104.
Prof. Dr. med. Helmut Leonhardt 《Cell and tissue research》1968,88(3):297-317
Zusammenfassung Die Wand des III. Ventrikels (Regio hypothalamica) vom erwachsenen Kaninchen wurde elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. — Unterschiedliche keulenförmige portsätze, deren Perikaryen in nahen und entfernten Regionen liegen, dringen in den Ventrikel ein. Sie heben eine Ependymzelle ab und bilden eine bukettförmige Struktur. Einige Fortsätze enthalten eine spärliche feingranulierte Masse, andere Bläschen (600–1500 Å) oder Bläschen mit dichtem Kern (450–1200 Å). Inmitten des Buketts kann eine Nervenzelle liegen, die einen dicken Fortsatz gegen das Hypendym schickt. Unterhalb des Buketts findet man eine andere Nervenzelle, die Fortsätze ins Bukett sendet. Zahlreiche in das Bukett eintretende Fortsätze stammen aus entfernteren Kerngebieten. Die funktionelle Bedeutung der Strukturen (Neurosekretion ? Resorption ? Rezeptor ?) wird diskutiert.
Die Untersuchung wurde mit dankenswerter Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft durchgeführt. 相似文献
Bouquet-like ependymal structures in the hypothalamic region of the 3rd Ventricle (rabbit)The question of neurosecretion or receptor function
Summary The wall of the III. ventricle (Regio hypothalamica) of the adult rabbit has been investigated electron microscopically. —Various bulblike processes of nerve cells, having their perikarya in close or distant regions, penetrate into the ventricle. They lift an ependymal cell and form a bouquet-like structure. Some of the processes contain a sparse granulated material and others include vesicles (600–1500 Å) or dense-cored vesicles (450–1200 Å). In the middle of the bouquet a perikaryon may be seen extending a thick process towards the hypendyma. Below the bouquet another perikaryon may be found extending several processes into the bouquet. The functional significance of these structures (neurosecretion ? resorption? receptor?) is discussed.
Die Untersuchung wurde mit dankenswerter Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft durchgeführt. 相似文献
105.
Ott RG Athenstaedt K Hrastnik C Leitner E Bergler H Daum G 《Biochimica et biophysica acta》2005,1735(2):111-118
Lanosterol C-14 demethylase Erg11p of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae catalyzes the enzymatic step following formation of lanosterol by the lanosterol synthase Erg7p in lipid particles (LP). Localization experiments employing microscopic inspection and cell fractionation revealed that Erg11p in contrast to Erg7p is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). An erg11Delta mutation in erg3Delta background, which is required to circumvent lethality of the erg11 defect, did not only change the sterol pattern but also the sterol distribution within the cell. Whereas in wild type the plasma membrane was highly enriched in ergosterol and LP harbored large amounts of sterol precursors in the form of steryl esters, sterol intermediates were more or less evenly distributed among organelles of erg11Delta erg3Delta. This distribution is not result of the erg3Delta background, because in the erg3Delta strain the major intermediate formed, ergosta-7,22-dienol, is also highly enriched in the plasma membrane similar to ergosterol in wild type. These results indicate that (i) exit of lanosterol from LP occurs independently of functional Erg11p, (ii) random supply of sterol intermediates to all organelles of erg11Delta erg3Delta appears to compensate for the lack of ergosterol in this mutant, and (iii) preferential sorting of ergosterol in wild type, but also of ergosta-7,22-dienol in erg3Delta, supplies sterol to the plasma membrane. 相似文献
106.
107.
Thomas W. R?sler Andreas Matusch Damiano Librizzi Oscar Arias-Carrión Nils Freundlieb Helmut Hoeffken Wolfgang H. Oertel Candan Depboylu Günter U. H?glinger 《PloS one》2014,9(7)
With the aim to develop beneficial tracers for cerebral tumors, we tested two novel 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine (IUdR) derivatives, diesterified at the deoxyribose residue. The substances were designed to enhance the uptake into brain tumor tissue and to prolong the availability in the organism. We synthesized carrier added 5-[125I]iodo-3′,5′-di-O-acetyl-2′-deoxyuridine (Ac2[125I]IUdR), 5-[125I]iodo-3′,5′-di-O-pivaloyl-2′-deoxyuridine (Piv2[125I]IUdR) and their respective precursor molecules for the first time. HPLC was used for purification and to determine the specific activities. The iodonucleoside tracer were tested for their stability against human thymidine phosphorylase. DNA integration of each tracer was determined in 2 glioma cell lines (Gl261, CRL2397) and in PC12 cells in vitro. In mice, we measured the relative biodistribution and the tracer uptake in grafted brain tumors. Ac2[125I]IUdR, Piv2[125I]IUdR and [125I]IUdR (control) were prepared with labeling yields of 31–47% and radiochemical purities of >99% (HPLC). Both diesterified iodonucleoside tracers showed a nearly 100% resistance against degradation by thymidine phosphorylase. Ac2[125I]IUdR and Piv2[125I]IUdR were specifically integrated into the DNA of all tested tumor cell lines but to a less extend than the control [125I]IUdR. In mice, 24 h after i.p. injection, brain radioactivity uptakes were in the following order Piv2[125I]IUdR>Ac2[125I]IUdR>[125I]IUdR. For Ac2[125I]IUdR we detected lower amounts of radioactivities in the thyroid and stomach, suggesting a higher stability toward deiodination. In mice bearing unilateral graft-induced brain tumors, the uptake ratios of tumor-bearing to healthy hemisphere were 51, 68 and 6 for [125I]IUdR, Ac2[125I]IUdR and Piv2[125I]IUdR, respectively. Esterifications of both deoxyribosyl hydroxyl groups of the tumor tracer IUdR lead to advantageous properties regarding uptake into brain tumor tissue and metabolic stability. 相似文献
108.
Oxygenated cholesterols (oxysterols) formed during oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) are associated with endothelial dysfunction and atherogenesis. We compared the profile of oxysterols in modified human LDL obtained on reaction with myeloperoxidase/H2O2 plus nitrite (MPO/H2O2/nitrite-oxLDL) with that on Cu2+ -catalyzed oxidation. The 7beta-hydroxycholesterol/7-ketocholesterol ratio was markedly higher in MPO/H2O2/nitrite-oxLDL than in Cu2+ -oxidized LDL (7.9 +/- 3.0 versus 0.94 +/- 0.10). Like MPO/H2O2/nitrite-oxLDL, 7beta-hydroxycholesterol was cytotoxic toward endothelial cells through eliciting oxidative stress. Cytotoxicity was accompanied by DNA fragmentation and was prevented by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin, suggesting stimulation of NADPH oxidase-mediated O2-* formation. 7-Ketocholesterol was only cytotoxic when added alone, whereas a 1:1-mixture with 7beta-hydroxycholesterol surprisingly was noncytotoxic. We conclude from our data that (i) 7beta-hydroxycholesterol is a pivotal cytotoxic component of oxidized LDL, (ii) 7-ketocholesterol protects against 7beta-hydroxycholesterol in oxysterol mixtures or oxLDL, (iii) the 7beta-hydroxycholesterol/7-ketocholesterol ratio is a crucial determinant for cytotoxicity of oxidized LDL species and oxysterol mixtures, and (iv) the low share of 7-ketocholesterol explains the higher cytotoxicity of MPO/H2O2/nitrite-oxLDL than other forms of oxidized LDL. The dietary polyphenol (-)-epicatechin inhibited not only formation but also cytotoxic actions of both oxLDL and oxysterols. 相似文献
109.
110.
Elsaesser O Leiter U Buettner PG Eigentler TK Meier F Weide B Metzler G Breuninger H Garbe C 《PloS one》2012,7(1):e29791