全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3588篇 |
免费 | 248篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 24篇 |
2020年 | 25篇 |
2019年 | 26篇 |
2018年 | 47篇 |
2017年 | 38篇 |
2016年 | 60篇 |
2015年 | 103篇 |
2014年 | 133篇 |
2013年 | 180篇 |
2012年 | 178篇 |
2011年 | 181篇 |
2010年 | 117篇 |
2009年 | 88篇 |
2008年 | 157篇 |
2007年 | 210篇 |
2006年 | 192篇 |
2005年 | 172篇 |
2004年 | 172篇 |
2003年 | 156篇 |
2002年 | 149篇 |
2001年 | 48篇 |
2000年 | 35篇 |
1999年 | 57篇 |
1998年 | 39篇 |
1997年 | 43篇 |
1996年 | 37篇 |
1995年 | 41篇 |
1994年 | 36篇 |
1993年 | 45篇 |
1992年 | 29篇 |
1991年 | 29篇 |
1990年 | 36篇 |
1989年 | 39篇 |
1988年 | 46篇 |
1987年 | 46篇 |
1986年 | 25篇 |
1985年 | 42篇 |
1984年 | 31篇 |
1983年 | 45篇 |
1982年 | 43篇 |
1981年 | 38篇 |
1980年 | 40篇 |
1979年 | 32篇 |
1978年 | 35篇 |
1977年 | 33篇 |
1976年 | 24篇 |
1975年 | 29篇 |
1974年 | 25篇 |
1973年 | 28篇 |
1970年 | 27篇 |
排序方式: 共有3836条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
81.
Helmut Kroll 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》1995,4(1):51-66
Publications on archaeological remains of cultivated plants have been collected, mainly from 1992 and 1993, with some earlier and later ones. A list is given of the finds according to taxon, country, site and age. 相似文献
82.
Comparison of ccd of F, parDE of RP4, and parD of R1 using a novel conditional replication control system of plasmid R1 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3
Rasmus Bugge Jensen Elisabeth Grohmann Helmut Schwab Ramón Díaz-Orejas Kenn Gerdes 《Molecular microbiology》1995,17(2):211-220
A number of plasmid-encoded gene systems are thought to stabilize plasmids by killing plasmid-free cells (also termed post-segregational killing or plasmid addiction). Here we analyse the mechanisms of plasmid stabilization by ccd of F, parDE of RP4 and parD of R1, and compare them to hok/sok of R1. To induce synchronous plasmid loss we constructed a novel plasmid replication-arrest system, which possesses the advantage that plasmid replication can be completely arrested by the addition of IPTG, a non-metabolizable inducer. Using isogenic plasmid constructions we have found, for the first time, consistent correlation between the effect on steady-state loss rates and the effect on cell proliferation in the plasmid replication-arrest assay for all three systems. The parDE system had the most pronounced effect both on plasmid stabilization and on plasmid retention after replication arrest. In contrast, ccd and parD both exhibited weaker effects than anticipated from previously published results. Thus, our results indicate that the function and efficiencies of some of the systems should be reconsidered. Our results are consistent with the previously postulated hypothesis that ccd and parDE act by killing plasmid-free segregants, whereas parD seems to act by inhibiting cell division of plasmid-free segregants. 相似文献
83.
Is hydrogen peroxide a second messenger of salicylic acid in systemic acquired resistance? 总被引:18,自引:1,他引:17
Urs Neuenschwander Bernard Vernooij Leslie Friedrich Scott Uknes Helmut Kessmann John Ryals 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》1995,8(2):227-233
Elevated levels of salicylic acid (SA) are required for the induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants. Recently, a salicylic acid-binding protein (SABP) isolated from tobacco was shown to have catalase activity. Based on this finding elevated levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) were postulated to act as a second messenger of SA in the SAR signal transduction pathway. A series of experiments have been carried out to clarify the role of H2 O2 in SAR-signaling. No increase of H2 O2 was found during the onset of SAR. Induction of the SAR gene, PR-1, by H2 O2 and H2 O2 -inducing chemicals is strongly suppressed in transgenic tobacco plants that express the bacterial salicylate hydroxylase gene, indicating that H2 O2 induction of SAR genes is dependent on SA accumulation. Following treatment of plants with increasing concentrations of H2 O2 , a dose-dependent accumulation of total SA species was found, suggesting that H2 O2 may induce PR-1 gene expression through SA accumulation. While the results do not support a role for H2 O2 in SAR signaling, it is suggested that SA inhibition of catalase activity may be important in tissues undergoing a hypersensitive response. 相似文献
84.
85.
Summary In the noctuid moth Spodoptera exempta, the distribution of visual pigments within the fused rhabdoms of the compound eyes was investigated by electron microscopy. Each ommatidium regularly contains eight receptor cells belonging to three morphological types: one distal, six medial, and one basal cell (Meinecke 1981); four different visual pigments — absorption maxima at approximately 355, 465, 515, and 560 nm — are known to occur within the eye (Langer et al. 1979). The compound eyes were illuminated in situ by use of monochromatic light of different wavelengths. This illumination produced a wide scale of structural changes in the microvilli of the rhabdomeres of individual cells. Preparation of eyes by freeze-substitution revealed the structural changes in the rhabdomeres to be effects of light occurring in vivo.The degree of structural changes may be considerably different in rhabdomeres within the same ommatidium; it was found to depend on the wavelength and the duration of illumination, the intensity received by the ommatidia as well as the spectral sensitivity of the receptor cells. Therefore, it was possible to estimate the spectral sensitivities of the morphological types of receptor cells. Generally, all medial cells are green receptors and all basal cells red receptors; distal cells are blue receptors in about two-thirds of the ommatidia, while in the remaining third of them distal cells are sensitive to ultraviolet light.Supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Sonderforschungsbereich 114 (Bionach) 相似文献
86.
Helmut Klocker Bernhard Auer Helmut J. Burtscher Monica Hirsch-Kauffmann Manfred Schweiger 《Molecular & general genetics : MGG》1982,188(2):309-312
Summary The UV photoproduct, thymine dimer (
), is excorporated with a remarkably low rate from the DNA of human fibroblasts grown in cell culture. An UV dose of 18 J/m2 creates 0.045%
(related to thymine). Within the first two days of repair logarithmically growing and quiescent fibroblasts exhibit the same repair rates; thereafter, the proportion of
is lower in growing cells due to recovery of DNA replication. Only about 50% of the lesions are excised within 24 h. In quiescent cells, 13% of the thymine dimers originally present can be detected as late as a week after UV-irradiation. Two distinct first-order rate constants indicate that approximately half of the dimers are less accessible to repair. Repair measured by the nucleoid decondensation technique corresponds to the faster repair rate, whereas the slow repair rate cannot be detected by this method. Saturation of repair is found beyond 27 J/m2. The remarkably slow rate of excision indicates that thymine dimers are not lethal lesions in human fibroblasts. 相似文献
87.
Helmut Wombacher 《Molecular and cellular biochemistry》1980,30(3):157-164
Summary Soluble cyclic nucleotide 3:5 monophosphate phosphodiesterase (PDE) (EC 3.1.4.17) obtained from beef adrenal cortex as the 100,000 g/1.5 h supernatant is usually regarded as a very hydrophilic protein. However, when subjected to hydrophobic chromatography on Octyl-Sepharose CL 413 it reveals strong hydrophobic interaction with the column matrix. The chromatographic procedure leads to multiple but distinct forms of PDE which degrade cAMP beyond 5AMP to inosine, via adenosine. The same metabolic pathway was previously observed with a membrane bound multienzyme sequence. Even the soluble PDE forms separated by gel chromatography (Sephadex G 200, Sepharose S 200 and Sepharose 6B) and soluble PDE of other tissue (heart) displayed the same metabolic pattern. These findings indicate a linkage between PDE, nucleotidase and deaminase activities. The intimate association of the enzyme is additionally supported by the phenomenon of kinetic advantage clearly observed with the most hydrophobic PDE form. Its end product, inosine, is formed more rapidly from CAMP than from the intermediate 5AMP. This paradoxical phenomenon is explained by close physical proximity between the enzymes involved in the metabolic pathway. Furthermore, when the most hydrophobic PDE form was immobilized on Octyl-Sepharose, rather than loss of catalytic activity even higher enzyme activities were measured. It is suggested that the so-called multiple forms of soluble PDE-at least in part-represent more or less preserved forms of a native, membrane bound, multienzyme sequence which degrades cyclic nucleotides. 相似文献
88.
89.
Helmut Bertrand Frank E. Nargang Richard A. Collins Cheryl A. Zagozeski 《Molecular & general genetics : MGG》1977,153(3):247-257
Summary We have isolated twenty-six nuclear, singlegene cytochrome-deficient mutants of Neurospora crassa as an initial step toward the study of the structural components and regulatory mechanisms involved in the biogenesis of the mitochondrial cytochrome system. These mutants, together with two previously described mutants, cyt-1 and cyt-2, have been classified into six distinct groups on the basis of cytochrome phenotype: a) cytochrome aa
3
deficiency (due to mutations affecting loci designated cya); b) cytochrome b deficiency (cyb-1 locus); c) cytochrome b deficiency with a partial deficiency of cytochrome aa
3
(cyb-2 locus); d) deficiency of both cytochromes aa
3
and b (cyt loci); e) deficiency of both cytochromes aa
3
and c (cyt-2 locus); and f) partial deficiency of cytochromes aa
3
and c (cyt-12 locus).Four of seven mutations affecting cya loci have been mapped and are located on linkage groups I, II, V, and VI. It is not yet known whether these genes code for structural components of cytochrome oxidase or have a regulatory function that affects synthesis or assembly of the enzyme. The cyb-1 and cyb-2 genes are located on linkage groups V and VI, respectively, and appear to code for regulatory elements that control the biogenesis of cytochromes b and aa
3
. The positions of the cyt mutations that cause a simultaneous deficiency of cytochromes aa
3
and b are dispersed throughout the genome, except for two gene clusters on the left arm of linkage group I. Some of these mutants may be deficient in mitochondrial protein synthesis. Two mutations, cyt-2 and cyt-12, are located on linkage groups VI and II, respectively, and appear to affect genes that code for components of a regulatory system that controls the biogenesis of cytochromes aa
3
and c. 相似文献
90.
The electron impact mass spectra of 19 trimethyl silylated flavonol mono-, di- and -triglycosides are reported for the first time. All spectra show wel 相似文献