Highways are a threat for giant armadillos that underpasses can mitigate

We report 24 records of giant armadillo roadkill on Brazilian highways in the Cerrado, Pantanal and Amazon biomes illustrating that highways are a threat to this species. However, we also documented the species using underpasses, demonstrating that these structures could help to reduce the risk of roadkill for giant armadillos.     

MRX protects fork integrity at protein–DNA barriers,and its absence causes checkpoint activation dependent on chromatin context

To address how eukaryotic replication forks respond to fork stalling caused by strong non-covalent protein–DNA barriers, we engineered the controllable Fob-block system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This system allows us to strongly induce and control replication fork barriers (RFB) at their natural location within the rDNA. We discover a pivotal role for the MRX (Mre11, Rad50, Xrs2) complex for fork integrity at RFBs, which differs from its acknowledged function in double-strand break processing. Consequently, in the absence of the MRX complex, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) accumulates at the rDNA. Based on this, we propose a model where the MRX complex specifically protects stalled forks at protein–DNA barriers, and its absence leads to processing resulting in ssDNA. To our surprise, this ssDNA does not trigger a checkpoint response. Intriguingly, however, placing RFBs ectopically on chromosome VI provokes a strong Rad53 checkpoint activation in the absence of Mre11. We demonstrate that proper checkpoint signalling within the rDNA is restored on deletion of SIR2. This suggests the surprising and novel concept that chromatin is an important player in checkpoint signalling.     

Metabolomic analysis of pancreatic beta cells following exposure to high glucose

Background

Chronic exposure to hyperglycaemic conditions has been shown to have detrimental effects on beta cell function. The resulting glucotoxicity is a contributing factor to the development of type 2 diabetes. The objective of this study was to combine a metabolomics approach with functional assays to gain insight into the mechanism by which glucotoxicity exerts its effects.

Methods

The BRIN-BD11 and INS-1E beta cell lines were cultured in 25 mM glucose for 20 h to mimic glucotoxic effects. PDK-2 protein expression, intracellular glutathione levels and the change in mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular calcium following glucose stimulation were determined. Metabolomic analysis of beta cell metabolite extracts was performed using GC–MS, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR.

Results

Conditions to mimic glucotoxicity were established and resulted in no loss of cellular viability in either cell line while causing a decrease in insulin secretion. Metabolomic analysis of beta cells following exposure to high glucose revealed a change in amino acids, an increase in glucose and a decrease in phospho-choline, n−3 and n−6 PUFAs during glucose stimulated insulin secretion relative to cells cultured under control conditions. However, no changes in calcium handling or mitochondrial membrane potential were evident.

Conclusions

Results indicate that a decrease in TCA cycle metabolism in combination with an alteration in fatty acid composition and phosphocholine levels may play a role in glucotoxicity induced impairment of glucose stimulated insulin secretion.

General significance

Alterations in certain metabolic pathways play a role in glucotoxicity in the pancreatic beta cell.     

CXCL12 and TP53 genetic polymorphisms as markers of susceptibility in a Brazilian children population with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric malignancy. Genetic polymorphisms in the 3′UTR region of the CXCL12 (rs1801157) and TP53 codon 72 (rs1042522) genes may contribute to susceptibility to childhood ALL because they affect some important processes, such as metastasis regulation and tumor suppression. Thus the objective of the present study was to detect the frequency of two genetic polymorphisms in ALL patients and controls and to add information their impact on genetic susceptibility and prognosis. The CXCL12 and TP53 polymorphisms were tested in 54 ALL child patients and in 58 controls by restriction fragment length polymerase chain reaction and allelic specific chain reaction techniques, respectively. The frequencies of both allelic variants were higher in ALL patients than in the controls and indicated a positive association: OR = 2.44; 95 % CI 1.05–5.64 for CXCL12 and OR = 2.20; 95 % CI 1.03–4.70 for TP53. Furthermore, when the two genetic variants were analyzed together, they increased significantly more than fivefold the risk of this neoplasia development (OR = 5.24; 95 % CI 1.39–19.75), indicating their potential as susceptibility markers for ALL disease and the relevance of the allelic variant combination to increased risk of developing malignant tumors. Future studies may indicate a larger panel of genes involved in susceptibility of childhood ALL and other hematological neoplasias.     

Large BRCA1 and BRCA2 genomic rearrangements in Polish high-risk breast and ovarian cancer families

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are two major genes associated with familial breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility. In Poland standard BRCA gene test is usually limited to Polish founder BRCA1 mutations: 5382insC, C61G and 4153delA. To date, just a few single large genomic rearrangements (LGRs) of BRCA1 gene have been reported in Poland. Here we report the first comprehensive analysis of large mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in this country. We screened LGRs in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification in 200 unrelated patients with strong family history of breast/ovarian cancers and negative for BRCA1 Polish founder mutations. We identified three different LGRs in BRCA1 gene: exons 13-19 deletion, exon 17 deletion and exon 22 deletion. No LGR was detected in BRCA2 genes. Overall, large rearrangements accounted for 3.7 % of all BRCA1 mutation positive families in our population and 1.5 % in high-risk families negative for Polish founder mutation.     

Ewing Sarcoma: influence of TP53 Arg72Pro and MDM2 T309G SNPs

The Ewing Sarcoma is an important tumor of bone and soft tissue. The SNPs Arg72Pro of TP53 and T309G of MDM2 have been associated with many cancer types and have been differently distributed among populations worldwide. Based on a case–control design, this study aimed to assess the role of these SNPs in 24 Ewing Sarcoma patients, compared to 91 control individuals. DNA samples were extracted from blood and genotyped for both SNPs by PCR–RFLP and confirmed by DNA sequencing. The results showed an association between the G allele of the T309G and Ewing Sarcoma (P = 0.02). Comparing to the TT carriers, the risk of G allele carriers was 3.35 (95 % CI = 1.22–9.21) with P = 0.02. At the genotypic level, an association of the TT genotype with the control group (P = 0.03) was found. Comparing to the TT genotype, the risk of TG and GG was 2.97 (95 % CI = 1.03–8.58) with P = 0.04 and 5.00 (95 % CI = 1.23–20.34) with P = 0.02, respectively. No associations regarding the Arg72Pro SNP were found. Considering that the T309G has been associated with several types of cancer, including sarcomas, our results indicate that this SNP may also be important to Ewing Sarcoma predisposition.     

Mercury Concentration in Breast Milk and Infant Exposure Assessment During the First 90 Days of Lactation in a Midwestern Region of Brazil

Breast milk samples collected from 18 nursing mothers between the 15th and 90th day of lactation were digested in nitric acid in a microwave, and total mercury (THg) levels were quantified by atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Participants responded to a 24-h dietary recall questionnaire on the 74th and 76th day of lactation and to a Food Frequency Questionnaire querying the frequency of fish intake over the last 90 days. Usual intake was estimated using the PC-SIDE software package. A meal of fish was offered on the 75th day of lactation. Mothers’ individual mean THg levels ranged from <0.76 to 22.7 ng/mL during the period, and the mean level for all samples (n?=?142) was 6.47?±6.04 ng/mL. The multilevel mixed linear model used showed high heterogeneity of the mercury levels among the mothers, and THg levels did not change significantly over the period under study. However, a significant increase in THg levels was observed after the intervention with the fish meal. Exposure increased for most infants on the 90th day of lactation, with intakes exceeding the THg provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) at least once during the period for 77.8 % of samples. Mothers consumed mostly food from the fat and grain groups, and a significant correlation was detected between consumption of food of these groups and breast milk THg levels (p?=?0.006 and 0.007). A significant correlation was also found between vegetable consumption and carbohydrate intake and THg levels in the samples (p?=?0.015 and 0.045, respectively). No correlation was found between mothers’ daily fish consumption frequency and THg levels. Although this study showed that mercury intake by infants during lactation may exceed the toxicologically safe exposure level (PTWI), we nevertheless believe that the benefits of lactation for both the mother and the infant outweigh the eventual risks that this exposure may represent.     

Molecular targets underlying SUMO‐mediated neuroprotection in brain ischemia

SUMOylation (small ubiquitin‐like modifier conjugation) is an important post‐translational modification which is becoming increasingly implicated in the altered protein dynamics associated with brain ischemia. The function of SUMOylation in cells undergoing ischemic stress and the identity of small ubiquitin‐like modifier (SUMO) targets remain in most cases unknown. However, the emerging consensus is that SUMOylation of certain proteins might be part of an endogenous neuroprotective response. This review brings together the current understanding of the underlying mechanisms and downstream effects of SUMOylation in brain ischemia, including processes such as autophagy, mitophagy and oxidative stress. We focus on recent advances and controversies regarding key central nervous system proteins, including those associated with the nucleus, cytoplasm and plasma membrane, such as glucose transporters (GLUT1, GLUT4), excitatory amino acid transporter 2 glutamate transporters, K⁺ channels (K2P1, K_v1.5, K_v2.1), GluK2 kainate receptors, mGluR8 glutamate receptors and CB1 cannabinoid receptors, which are reported to be SUMO‐modified. A discussion of the roles of these molecular targets for SUMOylation could play following an ischemic event, particularly with respect to their potential neuroprotective impact in brain ischemia, is proposed.     

New Culicoides Latreille of the subgenus Mataemyia Vargas from Pará, Brazil (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

Two new species of Culicoides Latreille of the Neotropical subgenus Mataemyia Vargas are described and illustrated based on female specimens from Juruti, Pará, Brazil and compared with their similar congeners. This paper also presents a diagnosis of the subgenus Mataemyia and a systematic key for the identification of the 19 species of the subgenus.