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171.
172.
Britt McKinnon Seungmi Yang Michael S. Kramer Tracey Bushnik Amanda J. Sheppard Jay S. Kaufman 《CMAJ》2016,188(1):E19-E26
Background:
A higher risk of preterm birth among black women than among white women is well established in the United States. We compared differences in preterm birth between non-Hispanic black and white women in Canada and the US, hypothesizing that disparities would be less extreme in Canada given the different historical experiences of black populations and Canada’s universal health care system.Methods:
Using data on singleton live births in Canada and the US for 2004–2006, we estimated crude and adjusted risk ratios and risk differences in preterm birth (< 37 wk) and very preterm birth (< 32 wk) among non-Hispanic black versus non-Hispanic white women in each country. Adjusted models for the US were standardized to the covariate distribution of the Canadian cohort.Results:
In Canada, 8.9% and 5.9% of infants born to black and white mothers, respectively, were preterm; the corresponding figures in the US were 12.7% and 8.0%. Crude risk ratios for preterm birth among black women relative to white women were 1.49 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.32 to 1.66) in Canada and 1.57 (95% CI 1.56 to 1.58) in the US (p value for heterogeneity [pH] = 0.3). The crude risk differences for preterm birth were 2.94 (95% CI 1.91 to 3.96) in Canada and 4.63 (95% CI 4.56 to 4.70) in the US (pH = 0.003). Adjusted risk ratios for preterm birth (pH = 0.1) were slightly higher in Canada than in the US, whereas adjusted risk differences were similar in both countries. Similar patterns were observed for racial disparities in very preterm birth.Interpretation:
Relative disparities in preterm birth and very preterm birth between non-Hispanic black and white women were similar in magnitude in Canada and the US. Absolute disparities were smaller in Canada, which reflects a lower overall risk of preterm birth in Canada than in the US in both black and white populations.In the United States, a higher risk of preterm birth among black women than among white women is well established.1–3 This racial disparity is of great concern because preterm birth is a leading cause of perinatal mortality and is predictive of developmental problems and adverse health outcomes later in life.4 The underlying causes of the racial disparity in preterm birth in the US are not well understood, although research has suggested contributing roles for a wide range of factors, including socioeconomic disadvantage,5 poor neighbourhood conditions (e.g., poverty, crime),5,6 lack of access to health care,7 psychosocial stress,8 racial discrimination9 and adverse health behaviours.10Rates of preterm birth have consistently been lower in Canada than in the US.11,12 However, in contrast to the US, little is known about differences in rates by race or ethnicity in Canada. There is evidence that African-born and Caribbean-born women in the provinces of Quebec and Ontario have higher rates of preterm birth than Canadian-born women.13–15 Although the magnitude of these differences is smaller than the disparity in preterm births between black and white women in the US,16 foreign-born black women in the US have been found to be at lower risk of preterm birth than US-born black women.17,18In both Canada and the US, socioeconomic conditions at both individual and neighbourhood levels are important predictors of preterm birth.19–21 Although the income gap between black and white people is markedly smaller in Canada than in the US,22 black populations in both countries have lower education levels, higher unemployment rates and a greater likelihood of living in low-quality neighbourhoods compared with white populations.23 Canada and the US share similar social and economic influences, yet the historical experiences of black populations and the social welfare systems (e.g., universal health care) are quite different in the 2 countries. Black people constitute about 13% of the total US population, but only about 3% of the Canadian population.24,25 The overwhelming majority of Canada’s black population are immigrants who entered the country after 1960 and their descendants, whereas more than 85% of black Americans can trace their ancestry 3 or more generations in the US, with most being descendants of slaves.22The objectives of our study are twofold. First, using data from a new cohort linking birth registrations with information from the 2006 Canadian long-form census, we present Canada-wide estimates of differences in preterm birth rates between black and white populations. Second, we use comparable methodology to compare racial differences in preterm birth rates between Canada and the US. Given different historical experiences of black populations in the 2 countries, as well as Canada’s commitment to universal health care and its general perception as a more egalitarian society than the US,22 we hypothesized that we would observe smaller racial disparities in the rates in Canada than in the US. 相似文献173.
Ana Paula Kallaur Josiane Lopes Sayonara Rangel Oliveira Andrea Name Colado Simão Edna Maria Vissoci Reiche Elaine Regina Delicato de Almeida Helena Kaminami Morimoto Wildea Lice Carvalho Jennings de Pereira Daniele Frizon Alfieri Sueli Donizete Borelli Domacio Ramon Kaimen-Maciel Michael Maes 《Molecular neurobiology》2016,53(8):5191-5202
174.
175.
Decker Helena Piermartiri Tetsade C. B. Nedel Cláudia B. Romão Luciana F. Francisco Sheila S. Dal-Cim Tharine Boeck Carina R. Moura-Neto Vivaldo Tasca Carla I. 《Purinergic signalling》2019,15(4):439-450
Purinergic Signalling - The guanine-based purines (GBPs) have essential extracellular functions such as modulation of glutamatergic transmission and trophic effects on neurons and astrocytes. We... 相似文献
176.
Jordyn Bergsveinson Benjamin J. Perry Gavin L. Simpson Christopher K. Yost Robert J. Schutzman Britt D. Hall Andrew D. S. Cameron 《Microbial biotechnology》2019,12(6):1199-1209
Cultivation of dedicated soil plots called ‘landfarms' is an effective technology for bioremediation of hydrocarbon waste generated by various industrial practices. To understand the influence of soil conditions on landfarm microbial communities, analysis of bacterial and fungal community structure using next-generation sequencing at different sections and depths was performed across a hydrocarbon-waste landfarm in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. While a core set of hydrocarbon-associated bacterial and fungal taxa are present throughout the landfarm, unique bacterial and fungal operational taxonomic units are differentially abundant at sections within the landfarm, which correlate with differences in soil physiochemical properties and management practices. Increased frequency of waste application resulted in strong positive correlations between bacterial community assemblages and elevated amounts of oil, grease and F3 – F4 hydrocarbon fractions. In areas of standing water and lower application of hydrocarbon, microbial community structure correlated with soil pH, trace nutrients and metals. Overall, diversity and structure of bacterial communities remain relatively stable across the landfarm, while in contrast, fungal community structure appears more responsive to soil oxygen conditions. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that years of bioremediation activity have shaped microbial communities; however, several management practices can be undertaken to increase efficiency of remediation, including the removal of standing water and soil tilling across the landfarm. 相似文献
177.
Helena Lee Jennifer Scott Helen Griffiths Jay E. Self Andrew Lotery 《Pigment cell & melanoma research》2019,32(5):657-671
Albinism is a group of disorders characterized by pigment deficiency and abnormal retinal development. Despite being a common cause for visual impairment worldwide, there is a paucity of treatments and patients typically suffer lifelong visual disability. Residual plasticity of the developing retina in young children with albinism has been demonstrated, suggesting a post‐natal window for therapeutic rescue. L‐3, 4 dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‐DOPA), a key signalling molecule which is essential for normal retinal development, is known to be deficient in albinism. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that post‐natal L‐DOPA supplementation can rescue retinal development, morphology and visual function in a murine model of human albinism, but only if administered from birth or 15 days post‐natal age. 相似文献
178.
Carolina Ruiz Zambon Vania Helena Techio Luiz Fernando de Oliveira da Silva Adelson Francisco de Oliveira 《Plant biosystems》2019,153(1):68-76
The study evaluated the microsporogenesis of olive trees subjected to different agricultural pesticide applications during flowering. Inflorescences of cultivars Arbequina and MGS GRAP541 were subjected to agricultural pesticides: mineral oil, neem oil, dimethoate and deltamethrin. The floral buds were fixed in Carnoy for the microsporogenesis analysis and in Karnovsky for scanning electron microscopy. The slides were prepared by squash technique and staining with propionic carmine. The pollen viability was determined by Alexander’s stain and in vitro germination. Results show that the quantification of abnormalities in meiosis in the two cultivars caused significant effect among the treatments, being that all differed statistically from the control group. Both methods showed a higher percentage of viable pollens in the control treatment and lower percentage of viability with the agricultural pesticides. The method of pollen viability by staining presented the highest averages of viable pollens, but when compared together, both methods presented a strongly related positive linear correlation. It was concluded that the used chemical products increased the percentage of chromosomal abnormalities during microsporogenesis, which interfered in the pollen viability of the two analyzed cultivars. The product deltamethrin caused the strongest effect on meiosis and on pollen viability. 相似文献
179.
Martina H. Stiasny Michael Sswat Felix H. Mittermayer Inger‐Britt Falk‐Petersen Nalani K. Schnell Velmurugu Puvanendran Atle Mortensen Thorsten B. H. Reusch Catriona Clemmesen 《Global Change Biology》2019,25(3):839-849
In order to understand the effect of global change on marine fishes, it is imperative to quantify the effects on fundamental parameters such as survival and growth. Larval survival and recruitment of the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were found to be heavily impaired by end‐of‐century levels of ocean acidification. Here, we analysed larval growth among 35–36 days old surviving larvae, along with organ development and ossification of the skeleton. We combined CO2 treatments (ambient: 503 µatm, elevated: 1,179 µatm) with food availability in order to evaluate the effect of energy limitation in addition to the ocean acidification stressor. As expected, larval size (as a proxy for growth) and skeletogenesis were positively affected by high food availability. We found significant interactions between acidification and food availability. Larvae fed ad libitum showed little difference in growth and skeletogenesis due to the CO2 treatment. Larvae under energy limitation were significantly larger and had further developed skeletal structures in the elevated CO2 treatment compared to the ambient CO2 treatment. However, the elevated CO2 group revealed impairments in critically important organs, such as the liver, and had comparatively smaller functional gills indicating a mismatch between size and function. It is therefore likely that individual larvae that had survived acidification treatments will suffer from impairments later during ontogeny. Our study highlights important allocation trade‐off between growth and organ development, which is critically important to interpret acidification effects on early life stages of fish. 相似文献
180.
Martins Nicole Magalhães Rui Castro Carolina Couto Ana Díaz-Rosales Patrícia Oliva-Teles Aires Peres Helena 《Amino acids》2019,51(9):1307-1321
Amino Acids - This study aimed to evaluate the effect of taurine (tau) supplementation to low fishmeal (FM) diets on growth performance, oxidative status, and immune response of European seabass... 相似文献