The induction of sensitivity to gibberellin in aleurone tissue of developing wheat grains

Aleurone tissue from undried immature developing wheat grains (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Sappo), normally insensitive to gibberellic acid, can be made to respond to the hormone by a series of temperature treatments. Incubation of the de-embryoed grains at temperatures above 27° C for at least 8 h causes the tissue to become sensitive. Prolonged incubation at temperatures below 27° C does not effect a change in sensitivity. In addition to the requirement for exposure to an elevated temperature for a period of several hours the tissue must also subsequently be subjected to a period at a lower temperature for just a few seconds for the response to be observed. Once sensitized, the tissue remains responsive to gibberellic acid for substantial periods of time. Exposure of the tissue to temperatures which induce sensitivity to gibberellic acid also results in an increased leakage of amino acids. It is suggested that the increase in sensitivity to gibberellin requires two separate processes to take place. One could be a homeoviscous adaptation of the cell membranes in response to elevated temperature, the other a subsequent, permanent change in conformation of membrane components.     

Hyper-recombination in uvrD mutants of Escherichia coli K-12

Summary A mutant strain of E. coli which was isolated initially because of its strong hyper-recombination phenotype was shown to carry a lesion in uvrD. The presence of this mutation, designated uvrD210, increased the frequency of recombination between chromosomal duplications in F-prime repliconant cells and reduced linkage between closely linked markers in crosses with Hfr donors. A comparable hyper-rec phenotype was demonstrated in strains carrying other alleles of uvrD previously referred to as mutU4, uvr502 and recL152. The recombination activity of a uvrD210 strain was abolished by mutation of recA but the mutator activity associated with this allele proved to be independent of recA. It is suggested that uvrD mutations reduce the fidelity of DNA replication and that the accumulation of lesions in the newly synthesized strand provides additional sites for initiating recombination.     

Plant use in Kaigani Haida culture: Correction of an ethnohistorical oversight

Until recently the use of plants for the precontact cultures of the Northwest Coast has been weakly and sporadically documented. This has led to some misconceptions about the importance of food plants in the precontact diet. This paper documents the use of plants associated with food for the Kaigani Haida of southeast Alaska who were first contacted in 1774, giving the native terms for the plants, and methods of preparation and storage both in precontact and contemporary life. Evidence is offered which indicates that plants were of great importance to the societies of the Northwest Coast and that food plants were more important than has been recognized. A map shows the territory of the Kaigani Haida prior to Euro-American contact, old village sites and the modern village of Hydaburg. Women’s knowledge of plants, their native names, economic use, and method of preparation and storage are offered as evidence that food plants were significantly important to the precontact economy. Nutritional analyses of some of the berries and sprouts indicates that such foods were necessary in the diet in order to maintain healthy, viable populations.     

Equilibrium studies of zinc(II) and cobalt(II) binding to tripeptide analogues of the amino terminus of human serum albumin

Serum albumin is known to bind several divalent metal ions at the amino terminus of the protein. Two peptide analogues for the amino terminus of human albumin, L-aspartyl-L-alanyl-L-histidine-N-Methyl amide (AAHNMA) and glycylglycyl-L-histidine-N-methyl amide (GGHNMA) have been synthesized, and their interactions with Zn(II) and Co(II) ions have been studied using analytical potentiometry. The stability constants of the species and their distribution as a function of pH were determined in 0.16-M KNO₃ at 25°. Comparison of the modes of interaction of the Zn(II) and Co(II) with each of the above peptides indicate that, although Co(II) is a valuable tool for the study of Zn(II) interaction with metalloenzymes, it is considerably less useful as a Zn(II) model with small peptide molecules. The potentiometric properties of the two peptide-Zn(II) systems have been compared to the potentiostatic properties of the albumin-Zn(II) system. The results indicate that AAHNMA is a better analogue for the Zn(II)-HSA interaction than is GGHNMA. The findings suggest that the Zn(II)-HSA binding site is best described as a compound site containing both a histidyl and a neighboring carboxyl group.     

The location of highly repetitious DNA in the somatic chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster

In situ hybridization of Drosophila melanogaster somatic chromosomes has been used to demonstrate the near exact correspondence between the location of highly repetitious DNA and classically defined constitutive heterochromatin. The Y chromosome, in particular, is heavily labeled even by cRNA transcribed from female (XX) DNA templates (i.e., DNA from female Drosophila with 2 Xs and 2 sets of autosomes). This observation confirms earlier reports that the Y chromosome contains repeated DNA sequences that are shared by other chromosomes. In grain counting experiments the Y chromosome shows significantly heavier label than any other chromosome when hybridized with cRNA from XY DNA templates (i.e., DNA from male Drosophila with 1 X and 1 Y plus 2 sets of autosomes). However, the preferential labeling of the Y is abolished if the cRNA is derived from XX DNA. We interpret these results as indicating the presence of a class of Y chromosome specific repeated DNA in D. melanogaster. The relative inefficiency of the X chromosome in binding cRNA from XY and XYY DNA templates, coupled with its ability to bind XX derived cRNA, may also indicate the presence of an X chromosome specific repeated DNA.     

Inhibitory effects of mersalyl and of antibodies directed against smooth-muscle myosin on a calcium adenosine triphosphatase of the plasma membrane from mouse liver cells.

The effect of mersalyl and of antibodies, directed against smooth-muscle myosin and skeletal muscle myosin, on the (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺)-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Ca,Mg)ATPase) system of mouse liver plasma membranes has been studied. Antismooth-muscle myosin inhibited by 38.6% at optimum substrate concentration the (Ca,Mg)ATPase with a K_m of 0.88 × 10^?3m. Mersalyl (0.5 mm) also inhibited this enzyme, the percentage inhibition being 44.6% at optimal substrate concentration. These results suggest the presence of a smooth-muscle myosin-like protein in the plasma membrane of mouse liver cells which has an associated (Ca,Mg)ATPase activity.     

Tissue fixation and osmium black formation with nonvolatile octavalent osmium compounds

Summary Several compounds of osmium^VIII, including potassium osmiamate and coordination complexes of OsO₄ with ammonia and various heterocyclic nitrogen compounds, have been synthesized and characterized. They have also been evaluated as substitutes for OsO₄ in postfixation of biological specimens and in light and electron microscopic cytochemical methods resulting in osmium black formation.The most useful of these osmic compounds, a molecular addition complex of hexamethylenetetramine (methenamine) with OsO₄, has a negligible vapor pressure of OsO₄. It has the molecular formula C₆H₁₂N₄.2OsO₄ and has been designated osmeth. Although it has only limited solubility, aqueous solutions of the compound (or of OsO₄) can be rapidly prepared by dissolution in a minimal amount of dimethylformamide and subsequent dilution with distilled water or buffer. Although stable in the solid state, the complex in solution undergoes partial dissociation releasing OsO₄, and the odor of OsO₄ becomes apparent.Such solutions of osmeth are (0.25%) considerably less concentrated with respect to OsO₄ than solutions (1–2%) ordinarily employed for ultrastructural preservation or in cytochemical studies. Osmeth has limited value for postosmication after glutaraldehyde fixation because the generation (release) of OsO₄ appears to be slow. Adequate osmication of tissue blocks exists only at the surface, but effective osmication can be achieved throughout tissue sections. In cytochemical reactions resulting in the formation of osmium blacks, the osmeth solutions are as effective as OsO₄ solutions of equivalent concentrations. Our findings indicate that OsO₄ solutions of less than 1% may be satisfactorily utilized in many cytochemical studies.Osmeth is safer and more convenient to handle than OsO₄ because small amounts may be solubilized as needed. It should be considered as a substitute for OsO₄ in ultrastructural cytochemistry.This investigation was supported by NIH research grant number DE 02668 from the National Institute of Dental Research and by NIH grant number RR 05333 from the Division of Research Facilities and ResourcesVisiting Professor, Dental Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Jan.-May, 1975. Supported in part by USPHS Grant HD 09209     

Characterization of a monoclinic crystal form of an enzyme of steroid metabolism, Δ5-3-ketosteroid isomerase

A monoclinic crystal form ($\text{P2}{}_1\text{, a = 140.4}\text{A}\text{?}\text{, b = 85.0}\text{A}\text{?}\text{, c = 94.5}\text{A}\text{?}$, β= 130.1 °) of Δ⁵-3-ketosteroid isomerase from Pseudomonas testosteroni (EC 5.3.3.1), grown at pH 7.0, has been characterized. Crystal-density measurements show that the asymmetric unit contains 12 protomers (M_r = 13,394).     

Fitness of Karyotypes in DROSOPHILA PSEUDOOBSCURA

In the dynamics of the survival of chromosomal polymorphism selection may be operating at the genic level, at the chromosomal level or at the supergene level. Tests designed to distinguish between these levels were run on Drosophila pseudoobscura. There was no evidence for heterosis, a necessary requirement for gene-determined chromosomal polymorphism. A strong chromosmal selection was observed. No evidence was found for the presence within one locality of more than a single superallele for each supergene (= gene order). These results are compared to those found by others.     

Eimeria acervulina,E. brunetti,E. maxima, and E. necatrix: Low doses of oocysts to immunize young chickens

Resistance to reinfection varied with the species of Eimeria and with the number of oocysts in the inoculum. Chickens immunized with doses of 20,000 and 80,000 oocysts of E. acervulina, 312 and 1250 oocysts of E. brunetti or E. necatrix, or 1250 and 5000 oocysts of E. maxima at 2 and 4 weeks of age, respectively, were almost completely immune to a challenge dose at 6 weeks of age. Resistance was slightly less in chickens immunized with 1250 and 5000 oocysts of E. acervulina or 312 and 1250 oocysts of E. maxima. Birds given three immunizing infections of 1250, 5000, and 20,000 oocysts of E. maxima were completely immune 8 weeks after the last dose. Resistance was slightly less in birds immunized with similar doses of E. brunetti or E. necatrix. Doses of 20,000, 80,000, and 320,000 oocysts appeared necessary to confer a high level of immunity to E. acervulina. More than three low doses of oocysts appear necessary to induce a complete and enduring immunity against a high challenge for E. acervulina, E. brunetti, and E. necatrix. Higher immunizing doses would not be satisfactory due to the pathogenic effects of the coccidia after the initial infection.