黑龙江黑斑狗鱼线粒体控制区的遗传变异

测定了黑龙江抚远江段和虎林江段黑斑狗鱼(Esoxreicherti)线粒体控制区5'端的560bp序列,在12尾黑斑狗鱼序列中未检测到任何变异位点,即所有个体的序列均完全一致,共享同一种单倍型,群体内和群体间的核苷酸多样性均为0.黑龙江黑斑狗鱼线粒体DNA如此贫乏的遗传多样性,一方面可能是黑龙江水系黑斑狗鱼在更新世冰期可能曾遭受过严重的瓶颈效应;另一方面则可能因目前是国内黑斑狗鱼种群数量锐减,种质资源急剧衰退,导致种群遗传多样性的丧失.建议广泛取样调查不同地理种群,并采用AFLP和微卫星等分子标记检测遗传多样性,以确定遗传变异丰富的黑斑狗鱼种群加以保护,促进黑龙江流域黑斑狗鱼资源的有效保护和可持续利用.     

Identification of virulence genes in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici by large-scale transposon tagging

Forward genetic screens are efficient tools for the dissection of complex biological processes, such as fungal pathogenicity. A transposon tagging system was developed in the vascular wilt fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici by inserting the novel modified impala element imp160::gfp upstream of the Aspergillus nidulans niaD gene, followed by transactivation with a constitutively expressed transposase. A collection of 2072 Nia⁺ revertants was obtained from reporter strain T12 and screened for alterations in virulence, using a rapid assay for invasive growth on apple slices. Seven strains exhibited reduced virulence on both apple slices and intact tomato plants. Five of these were true revertants showing the re-insertion of imp160::gfp within or upstream of predicted coding regions, whereas the other two showed either excision without re-insertion or no excision. Linkage between imp160::gfp insertion and virulence phenotype was determined in four transposon-tagged loci using targeted deletion in the wild-type strain. Knockout mutants in one of the genes, FOXG_00016 , displayed significantly reduced virulence, and complementation of the original revertant with the wild-type FOXG_00016 allele fully restored virulence. FOXG_00016 has homology to the velvet gene family of A. nidulans . The high rate of untagged virulence mutations in the T12 reporter strain appears to be associated with increased genetic instability, possibly as a result of the transactivation of endogenous transposable elements by the constitutively expressed transposase.     

组织灌流与贴壁法体外培养奶牛乳腺组织的比较研究

采用组织灌流和组织块贴壁法体外培养奶牛乳腺组织,通过LDH活力测定、台盼蓝染色、琼脂糖凝胶电泳、透射电镜技术比较两种培养方法对奶牛乳腺组织活性及组织超微结构的影响,建立奶牛乳腺组织的培养体系。结果表明,以1mL/h的速度灌流培养的奶牛乳腺组织在DMEM 10%小牛血清培养基中12～60h内保持良好的组织活性和超微结构,贴壁培养的奶牛乳腺组织在DMEM 10%小牛血清的培养基中60～108h内保持良好的组织活性和超微结构,两种培养方法各有优缺点。     

ɑ-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶产生菌的微波诱变

为获得ɑ-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶的高产突变株,以产ɑ-ALDC的枯草芽孢杆菌3226-5为出发菌株进行了诱变处理。经过微波(小火)物理诱变得到3株高产正突变株W181、W184、W195,经过多次传代实验,表明W181、W195是稳定的突变株。突变株W195的ɑ-ALDC相对酶活(OD522)由出发菌株的0.35提高到0.617,提高了76%,突变株W181提高了66.9%。     

Low crowding threshold for induction of sexual reproduction and diapause in a Patagonian rotifer

1. This study investigates the basis and ecological significance of the extremely high propensity for mixis (sexual reproduction) observed in laboratory populations of Brachionus calyciflorus from a temporary pond in Patagonia. 2. Experiments with stem females hatched from resting eggs showed that these females were exclusively amictic but produced mictic daughters even at very low population densities. In six experiments, newly hatched stem females were cultured individually in different volumes (1.5, 12, 40 and 150 mL). The percentage of mictic daughters (mixis ratio) was high in the smaller volumes (e.g. 44–83% in 1.5 mL) and lower in the largest volume (6–21% in 150 mL). A regression analysis combining the data from these experiments showed a highly significant decrease in mixis ratio with volume and indicated that the lowest population density at which mixis still occurs (mixis threshold) would be 3.4 females L^?1 (95% CL 2.9–4.0 females L^?1). This value is considerably lower than mixis thresholds for other rotifers (25–250 females L^?1 for many species and 9000–477 000 females L^?1 for some Spanish Brachionus plicatilis). 3. In three additional experiments, stem females and their amictic daughters were cultured individually in 150 mL. The percentage of mictic daughters produced by these two generations of females was not significantly different, showing that the mixis response to crowding is not inhibited in the stem‐female generation. 4. Laboratory experiments showed that two common predators of the Patagonian B. calyciflorus (the calanoid copepod Parabroteas sarsi and the backswimmer Notonecta vereertbruggheni) each ate 60–70 B. calyciflorus predator^?1 per day and cleared all rotifers from c. 250 mL per day. Thus, a very low mixis threshold and high maximal mixis ratio may ensure production of some resting eggs soon after colonisation of the pond and before complete removal from the plankton. 5. Two laboratory experiments showed that resting eggs of the Patagonian B. calyciflorus hatched at variable rates (28 and 81%) after a brief diapause when kept in the conditions under which they were produced and oviposited (20–21 °C; L: D 16: 8). Early hatching of resting eggs from pond sediment may allow multiple periods of colonisation and resting egg production in a season. This may offset the fitness cost of limited population growth through female parthenogenesis in the face of unpredictable and abrupt risk of extinction because of predators.     

Functional males in pair‐mating outcrossing hermaphrodites

In the mating system of simultaneously hermaphroditic animals, sexual allocation is predicted to vary as a function of the number of potential mates. According to the Hermaphrodite's Dilemma, sexual conflict over the preferred sexual role in hermaphroditic animals is resolved by reciprocity (i.e. by alternating sexual roles), accompanied by the animals' occasional cheating in the preferred role at a relatively low frequency. In a 350‐generation‐old laboratory strain of the pair‐mating outcrossing hermaphroditic polychaete worm Ophryotrocha diadema, we show that 9% of the individuals mated only in the male role over long periods, indicating a male‐role preference (temporary functional males). Furthermore, 2% of the individuals mated for their whole lifetime exclusively as males (permanent functional males). These findings indicate that the sex allocation of some individuals may vary from the predicted optimal sex allocation for the population. Morphologically, functional males exhibited a hermaphroditic phenotype (i.e. they matured a single batch of oocytes that they never laid and acted as functional males). We show that temporary functional males appeared in hermaphroditic populations under promiscuous mating regimes significantly more often than under monogamous ones. Indeed, under promiscuity, there are many mating opportunities and O. diadema hermaphrodites compete for mates, whereas, under monogamy, the two partners regularly take turns in laying cocoons and fertilizing their partner's cocoon. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 100 , 451–456.     

超声强化提取石榴皮鞣花酸的工艺研究

目的:探索了超声波对石榴皮鞣花酸提取率的影响.方法:利用超声萃取和酸水解一步提取鞣花酸,分别探讨了萃取温度、水解酸度和超声时间对鞣花酸提取率的影响,并对工艺参数进行优化.结果:在最佳工艺条件:萃取温度60℃,水解酸度1.5mol/L,超声萃取30min时,鞣花酸提取率最高达4.3%.结论:超声波萃取石榴皮鞣花酸工艺具有低成本、节能和高效的特点,值得在医药和食品加工企业推广应用.     

Population genetic structure of North Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea and Sea of Cortez fin whales, Balaenoptera physalus (Linnaeus 1758): analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear loci

Samples were collected from 407 fin whales, Balaenoptera physalus , at four North Atlantic and one Mediterranean Sea summer feeding area as well as the Sea of Cortez in the Pacific Ocean. For each sample, the sex, the sequence of the first 288 nucleotides of the mitochondrial (mt) control region and the genotype at six microsatellite loci were determined. A significant degree of divergence was detected at all nuclear and mt loci between North Atlantic/Mediterranean Sea and the Sea of Cortez. However, the divergence time estimated from the mt sequences was substantially lower than the time elapsed since the rise of the Panama Isthmus, suggesting occasional gene flow between the North Pacific and North Atlantic ocean after the separation of the two oceans. Within the North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea, significant levels of heterogeneity were observed in the mtDNA between the Mediterranean Sea, the eastern (Spain) and the western (the Gulf of Maine and the Gulf of St Lawrence) North Atlantic. Samples collected off West Greenland and Iceland could not be unequivocally assigned to either of the two areas. The homogeneity tests performed using the nuclear data revealed significant levels of divergence only between the Mediterranean Sea and the Gulf of St Lawrence or West Greenland. In conclusion, our results suggest the existence of several recently diverged populations in the North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea, possibly with some limited gene flow between adjacent populations, a population structure which is consistent with earlier population models proposed by Kellogg, Ingebrigtsen, and Sergeant.