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34.
Nucleotide sequence analysis of the lemur beta-globin gene family: evidence for major rate fluctuations in globin polypeptide evolution 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Lemur beta-related globin genes have been isolated and sequenced. Orthology
of prosimian and human epsilon-, gamma-, and beta-related globin genes was
established by dot-matrix analysis. All of these lemur globin genes
potentially encode functional beta-related globin polypeptides, though
precisely when the gamma-globin gene is expressed remains unknown. The
organization of the 18-kb brown lemur beta-globin gene cluster (5'
epsilon-gamma-[psi eta-delta]-beta 3') is consistent with its evolution by
contraction via unequal crossing-over from the putative ancestral mammalian
beta-globin gene cluster (5' epsilon-gamma- eta-delta-beta 3'). The dwarf
lemur nonadult globin genes are arranged as in the brown lemur. Similar
levels of synonymous (silent) nucleotide substitutions and noncoding DNA
sequence differences have accumulated between species in all of these
genes, suggesting a uniform rate of noncoding DNA divergence throughout
primate beta-globin gene clusters. These differences are comparable with
those observed in the nonfunctional psi eta pseudogene and have therefore
accumulated at the presumably maximal neutral rate. In contrast,
nonsynonymous (replacement) nucleotide substitutions show a significant
heterogeneity in distribution for both the same gene in different lineages
and different genes in the same lineage. These major fluctuations in
replacement but not silent substitution rates cannot be attributed to
changes in mutation rate, suggesting that changes in the rate of globin
polypeptide evolution in primates is not governed solely by variable
mutation rates.
相似文献
35.
Cytology of Spore Germination in Clostridium pectinovorum 总被引:10,自引:4,他引:6
The process of spore germination in Clostridium pectinovorum has been followed by phase-contrast and electron microscopy. Unlike most other Bacillaceae, germination of this species takes place within the sporangium. Under phase-contrast, the spore darkens and swells slightly, and then the vegetative rod slips out through the end opposite the collar-like extension of the sporangium. In thin sections, a spore from an early stage in germination consists of a central protoplast, core membrane, germ cell wall, cortex, and two coats. Within a short period, the cortex disintegrates and the young cell develops. It possesses a large fibrillar nucleoplasm and several mesosomes. Subsequently, the young cell elongates, becomes somewhat deformed, and then emerges through a narrow aperture in the inflexible coats of the spore, finally rupturing the sporangium. Free vegetative cells of C. pectinovorum resemble in their structure other gram-positive rods. 相似文献
36.
Stomata regulate gas exchange and their closure in response to pathogens may, in some cases, contribute to resistance. However, in the cereal mildew and rust systems, stomatal closure follows establishment of compatible infections. In incompatible systems, expression of major (R) gene controlled hypersensitive responses (HR), causes drastic, permanent stomatal dysfunction: stomata become locked open following powdery mildew attack and locked shut following rust attack. Thus, stomatal locking can be a hitherto unsuspected negative consequence of R gene resistance that carries a physiological cost affecting plant performance.Key Words: stomata, rust, mildew, hypersensitive response, stomatal lock-up 相似文献
37.
Salvador Casares Eiso AB Henk Eshuis Obdulio Lopez-Mayorga Nico AJ van Nuland Francisco Conejero-Lara 《BMC structural biology》2007,7(1):22
Background
SH3 domains are small protein modules of 60–85 amino acids that bind to short proline-rich sequences with moderate-to-low affinity and specificity. Interactions with SH3 domains play a crucial role in regulation of many cellular processes (some are related to cancer and AIDS) and have thus been interesting targets in drug design. The decapeptide APSYSPPPPP (p41) binds with relatively high affinity to the SH3 domain of the Abl tyrosine kinase (Abl-SH3), while it has a 100 times lower affinity for the α-spectrin SH3 domain (Spc-SH3). 相似文献38.
39.
Decaying macrophytes are an important source of carbon and nutrients in fungal and bacterial communities of northern prairie wetlands. Dead macrophytes do not collapse into the water column immediately after death, and decomposition by fungi and bacteria begins while the plants are standing. The seasonal variations in fungal biomass and production on Scirpus lacustris stems, both above and below water, were measured to assess which environmental factors were dominant in affecting these variations in a typical prairie wetland. Fungal biomass and production were measured from early May to November, just prior to freeze-up. Fungal decomposition began and was greatest in the spring despite low water temperatures. The fungal production, as measured by the incorporation of [1-(14)C]acetate into ergosterol, ranged from 1.8 to 376 microg of C g of ash-free dry mass (AFDM)(-1) day(-1), and the biomass, as estimated by using ergosterol, ranged from nondetectable to 5.8 mg of C g of AFDM(-1). There was no significant difference in biomass or production between aerial and submerged portions of Scirpus stems. The water temperature was correlated with fungal production (r = 0.7, P < 0.005) for aerial stem pieces but not for submerged pieces. However, in laboratory experiments water temperature had a measurable effect on both biomass and production in submerged stem pieces. Changes in fungal biomass and productivity on freshly cut green Scirpus stems decaying in the water either exposed to natural solar radiation or protected from UV radiation were monitored over the summer. There was no significant difference in either fungal biomass (P = 0.76) or production (P = 0.96) between the two light treatments. The fungal biomass and rates of production were within the lower range of the values reported elsewhere, probably as a result of the colder climate and perhaps the lower lability of Scirpus stems compared to the labilities of the leaves and different macrophytes examined in other studies performed at lower latitudes. 相似文献
40.
G. M. Wolfaardt J. R. Lawrence J. V. Headley R. D. Robarts D. E. Caldwell 《Microbial ecology》1994,27(3):279-291
Scanning confocal laser microscopy was used to directly visualize accumulation of the herbicide diclofop methyl and its breakdown products by a degradative biofilm community, cultivated in continuous-flow cell cultures. Some bacterial cells accumulated these compounds. However, most accumulation occurred in cell capsules and certain regions of the exopolymer matrix. Mass spectroscopic analysis of the biofilm material confirmed accumulation of the parent compound and its breakdown products in the biofilms. Lower molecular weight degradation products were found in the effluent, indicating mineralization of diclofop by the flow cell cultures. Grazing protozoa feeding on the biofilms nonselectively ingested cell capsules and exopolymers, suggesting direct transfer and accumulation of the contaminants in protozoa. These findings demonstrated that microbial exopolymers can play an important role in the bioaccumulation of contaminants in natural systems.
Correspondence to: J.R. Lawrence. 相似文献