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81.
The development of new shoots plays a central role in the complex interactions determining vegetative and reproductive growth
in woody plants. To explore this role we evaluated the new shoots in the olive tree, Olea europaea L., and the effect of fruiting on new shoot growth and subsequent flowering. Five-year-old branches served as canopy subunits
in order to obtain a global, whole-tree view of new shoot number, size and morphological origin. The non-bearing trees had
many more shoots than the fruit-bearing trees, and a greater number of longer shoots. In both bearing conditions, however,
the majority of shoots were less than 4 cm long, with shoots of progressively longer lengths present in successively decreasing
frequencies. Six major shoot types were defined on the basis of apical or lateral bud origin and of parent shoot age. On fruit-bearing
trees, the new shoots originated predominantly from the shoot apex, while on non-fruiting trees, they formed mainly from axillary
buds, but in both cases, they tended to develop on younger parent shoots. The previous bearing condition of the tree was the
main determinant for subsequent inflorescence development, which was independent of both shoot type and length. Thus, reproductive
behavior strongly affected both the amount and type of new branching, but subsequent flowering level was more influenced by
previous bearing than by the potential flowering sites on new shoots. 相似文献
82.
Segal-Raz H Mass G Baranes-Bachar K Lerenthal Y Wang SY Chung YM Ziv-Lehrman S Ström CE Helleday T Hu MC Chen DJ Shiloh Y 《EMBO reports》2011,12(7):713-719
The cellular response to double-strand breaks (DSBs) in DNA is a complex signalling network, mobilized by the nuclear protein kinase ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), which phosphorylates many factors in the various branches of this network. A main question is how ATM regulates DSB repair. Here, we identify the DNA repair enzyme polynucleotide kinase/phosphatase (PNKP) as an ATM target. PNKP phosphorylates 5'-OH and dephosphorylates 3'-phosphate DNA ends that are formed at DSB termini caused by DNA-damaging agents, thereby regenerating legitimate ends for further processing. We establish that the ATM phosphorylation targets on human PNKP-Ser 114 and Ser 126-are crucial for cellular survival following DSB induction and for effective DSB repair, being essential for damage-induced enhancement of the activity of PNKP and its proper accumulation at the sites of DNA damage. These findings show a direct functional link between ATM and the DSB-repair machinery. 相似文献
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Samuel?H.?McGuire Edward?A.?Rietman Hava?Siegelmann Jack?A.?TuszynskiEmail author 《Journal of biological physics》2017,43(4):551-563
We investigate free energy behavior in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans during embryonic development. Our approach utilizes publicly available gene expression data, which gives us a picture of developmental changes in protein concentration and, resultantly, chemical potential and free energy. Our results indicate a clear global relationship between Gibbs free energy and time spent in development and provide thermodynamic indicators of the large-scale biological events of cell division and differentiation. 相似文献
85.
TT Chowdhury S Arghandawi J Brand OO Akanji DL Bader DM Salter DA Lee 《Arthritis research & therapy》2008,10(2):R35
Background
Nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2play pivotal roles in both the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis and catabolic processes in articular cartilage. These mediators are influenced by both IL-1β and mechanical loading, and involve alterations in the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 enzymes. To identify the specific interactions that are activated by both types of stimuli, we examined the effects of dynamic compression on levels of expression of iNOS and COX-2 and involvement of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. 相似文献86.
To assess the role of P-selectin and E-selectin in megakaryocytopoiesis, in vitro assays were performed in animal models deficient in both adhesion receptors. There was a significantly greater number of IL-3-responsive megakaryocyte progenitors CFU (CFU-MK) and an increase in immature megakaryoblasts in response to IL-6 in the P-selectin-null mice compared with the wild-type controls. Furthermore, P-selectin-null mice showed a greater number of CFU-MK colonies derived from CD34(+) cells in response to IL-3 or IL-3 plus stem cell factor. A significant shift in baseline ploidy with a reduction in 8N cells and an increase in 32N cells was also observed in the P-selectin-null mice. Secretion of the inhibitory growth factor TGF-beta1 and not TGF-beta2 was significantly lower in the supernatants of cultures containing bone marrow cells from P-selectin-deficient mice as compared with those from the wild-type control bone marrow cells. No differences in the responsiveness of murine CFU-MK, immature megakaryocytes, or 5-fluorouracil-selected stem cells to cytokines were observed in E-selectin-null mice as compared with the control mice. These studies indicate that the absence of P-selectin, and not E-selectin, resulted in an altered adhesion environment with subsequent expansion of megakaryocyte progenitors and immature megakaryoblasts, enhanced secretion of TGF-beta1, and apparent increased responsiveness to inflammatory cytokines. 相似文献
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Defective microtubule-dependent podosome organization in osteoclasts leads to increased bone density in Pyk2(-/-) mice
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Gil-Henn H Destaing O Sims NA Aoki K Alles N Neff L Sanjay A Bruzzaniti A De Camilli P Baron R Schlessinger J 《The Journal of cell biology》2007,178(6):1053-1064
The protein tyrosine kinase Pyk2 is highly expressed in osteoclasts, where it is primarily localized in podosomes. Deletion of Pyk2 in mice leads to mild osteopetrosis due to impairment in osteoclast function. Pyk2-null osteoclasts were unable to transform podosome clusters into a podosome belt at the cell periphery; instead of a sealing zone only small actin rings were formed, resulting in impaired bone resorption. Furthermore, in Pyk2-null osteoclasts, Rho activity was enhanced while microtubule acetylation and stability were significantly reduced. Rescue experiments by ectopic expression of wild-type or a variety of Pyk2 mutants in osteoclasts from Pyk2(-/-) mice have shown that the FAT domain of Pyk2 is essential for podosome belt and sealing zone formation as well as for bone resorption. These experiments underscore an important role of Pyk2 in microtubule-dependent podosome organization, bone resorption, and other osteoclast functions. 相似文献
90.