全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3940篇 |
免费 | 345篇 |
国内免费 | 2篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 14篇 |
2022年 | 31篇 |
2021年 | 80篇 |
2020年 | 45篇 |
2019年 | 46篇 |
2018年 | 57篇 |
2017年 | 58篇 |
2016年 | 93篇 |
2015年 | 216篇 |
2014年 | 178篇 |
2013年 | 237篇 |
2012年 | 356篇 |
2011年 | 290篇 |
2010年 | 193篇 |
2009年 | 125篇 |
2008年 | 213篇 |
2007年 | 243篇 |
2006年 | 197篇 |
2005年 | 202篇 |
2004年 | 217篇 |
2003年 | 191篇 |
2002年 | 179篇 |
2001年 | 31篇 |
2000年 | 23篇 |
1999年 | 29篇 |
1998年 | 82篇 |
1997年 | 29篇 |
1996年 | 40篇 |
1995年 | 32篇 |
1994年 | 39篇 |
1993年 | 29篇 |
1992年 | 30篇 |
1991年 | 22篇 |
1990年 | 30篇 |
1989年 | 34篇 |
1988年 | 20篇 |
1987年 | 18篇 |
1986年 | 19篇 |
1985年 | 23篇 |
1984年 | 30篇 |
1983年 | 29篇 |
1982年 | 38篇 |
1981年 | 26篇 |
1980年 | 30篇 |
1979年 | 21篇 |
1978年 | 11篇 |
1977年 | 21篇 |
1976年 | 17篇 |
1974年 | 12篇 |
1973年 | 9篇 |
排序方式: 共有4287条查询结果,搜索用时 656 毫秒
171.
Atiqul Islam Maurizio Labbate Steven P. Djordjevic Munirul Alam Aaron Darling Jacqueline Melvold Andrew J. Holmes Fatema T. Johura Alejandro Cravioto Ian G. Charles H. W. Stokes 《Open biology》2013,3(2)
Of the 200+ serogroups of Vibrio cholerae, only O1 or O139 strains are reported to cause cholera, and mostly in endemic regions. Cholera outbreaks elsewhere are considered to be via importation of pathogenic strains. Using established animal models, we show that diverse V. cholerae strains indigenous to a non-endemic environment (Sydney, Australia), including non-O1/O139 serogroup strains, are able to both colonize the intestine and result in fluid accumulation despite lacking virulence factors believed to be important. Most strains lacked the type three secretion system considered a mediator of diarrhoea in non-O1/O13 V. cholerae. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) showed that the Sydney isolates did not form a single clade and were distinct from O1/O139 toxigenic strains. There was no correlation between genetic relatedness and the profile of virulence-associated factors. Current analyses of diseases mediated by V. cholerae focus on endemic regions, with only those strains that possess particular virulence factors considered pathogenic. Our data suggest that factors other than those previously well described are of potential importance in influencing disease outbreaks. 相似文献
172.
Noah M Ivers Jacqueline Young Jill J Francis Jan Barnsley Baiju R Shah Ross E Upshur Jeremy M Grimshaw Merrick Zwarenstein 《Implementation science : IS》2013,8(1):142
Background
Audit and feedback to physicians is a commonly used quality improvement strategy, but its optimal design is unknown. This trial tested the effects of a theory-informed worksheet to facilitate goal setting and action planning, appended to feedback reports on chronic disease management, compared to feedback reports provided without these worksheets.Methods
A two-arm pragmatic cluster randomized trial was conducted, with allocation at the level of primary care clinics. Participants were family physicians who contributed data from their electronic medical records. The ‘usual feedback’ arm received feedback every six months for two years regarding the proportion of their patients meeting quality targets for diabetes and/or ischemic heart disease. The intervention arm received these same reports plus a worksheet designed to facilitate goal setting and action plan development in response to the feedback reports. Blood pressure (BP) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) values were compared after two years as the primary outcomes. Process outcomes measured the proportion of guideline-recommended actions (e.g., testing and prescribing) conducted within the appropriate timeframe. Intention-to-treat analysis was performed.Results
Outcomes were similar across groups at baseline. Final analysis included 20 physicians from seven clinics and 1,832 patients in the intervention arm (15% loss to follow up) and 29 physicians from seven clinics and 2,223 patients in the usual feedback arm (10% loss to follow up). Ten of 20 physicians completed the worksheet at least once during the study. Mean BP was 128/72 in the feedback plus worksheet arm and 128/73 in the feedback alone arm, while LDL was 2.1 and 2.0, respectively. Thus, no significant differences were observed across groups in the primary outcomes, but mean haemoglobin A1c was lower in the feedback plus worksheet arm (7.2% versus 7.4%, p<0.001). Improvements in both arms were noted over time for one-half of the process outcomes.Discussion
Appending a theory-informed goal setting and action planning worksheet to an externally produced audit and feedback intervention did not lead to improvements in patient outcomes. The results may be explained in part by passive dissemination of the worksheet leading to inadequate engagement with the intervention.Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00996645173.
Cornelis P. C. de Jager Eugenie F. A. Gemen Jacqueline Leuvenink Mirrian Hilbink Robert J. F. Laheij Tom van der Poll Peter C. Wever 《PloS one》2013,8(4)
Study Objective
Absolute lymphocytopenia is recognised as an important hallmark of the immune response to severe infection and observed in patients with Legionnaires’ disease. To explore the immune response, we studied the dynamics of peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations in the acute and subacute phase of LD.Methods and Results
EDTA-anticoagulated blood was obtained from eight patients on the day the diagnosis was made through detection of L. pneumophila serogroup 1 antigen in urine. A second blood sample was obtained in the subacute phase. Multiparametric flow cytometry was used to calculate lymphocyte counts and values for B-cells, T-cells, NK cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. Expression of activation markers was analysed. The values obtained in the subacute phase were compared with an age and gender matched control group. Absolute lymphocyte count (×109/l, median and range) significantly increased from 0.8 (0.4–1.6) in the acute phase to 1.4 (0.8–3.4) in the subacute phase. B-cell count showed no significant change, while T-cell count (×106/l, median and range) significantly increased in the subacute phase (495 (182–1024) versus 979 (507–2708), p = 0.012) as a result of significant increases in both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell counts (374 (146–629) versus 763 (400–1507), p = 0.012 and 119 (29–328) versus 224 (107–862), p = 0.012). In the subacute phase of LD, significant increases were observed in absolute counts of activated CD4+ T-cells, naïve CD4+ T-cells and memory CD4+ T-cells. In the CD8+ T-cell compartment, activated CD8+ T-cells, naïve CD8+ T-cell and memory CD8+ T-cells were significantly increased (p<0.05).Conclusion
The acute phase of LD is characterized by absolute lymphocytopenia, which recovers in the subacute phase with an increase in absolute T-cells and re-emergence of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. These observations are in line with the suggested role for T-cell activation in the immune response to LD. 相似文献174.
Mihály K. de Bie Maurits S. Buiten André Gaasbeek Mark J. Boogers Cornelis J. Roos Joanne D. Schuijf M. Jacqueline Krol Ton J. Rabelink Jeroen J. Bax Martin J. Schalij J. Wouter Jukema 《PloS one》2013,8(7)
Purpose
Significant obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) is common in asymptomatic dialysis patients. Identifying these high risk patients is warranted and may improve the prognosis of this vulnerable patient group. Routine catheterization of incident dialysis patients has been proposed, but is considered too invasive. CT-angiography may therefore be more appropriate. However, extensive coronary calcification, often present in this patient group, might hamper adequate lumen evaluation. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of CT-angiography in this patient group.Methods
For this analysis all patients currently participating in the ICD2 trial (ISRCTN20479861), with no history of PCI or CABG were included. The major epicardial vessels were evaluated on a segment basis (segment 1–3, 5–8, 11 and 13) by a team consisting of an interventional and an imaging specialist. Segments were scored as not significant, significant and not interpretable.Results
A total of 70 dialysis patients, with a mean age of 66±8 yrs and predominantly male (70%) were included. The median calcium score was 623 [79, 1619].Over 90% of the analyzed segments were considered interpretable. The incidence of significant CAD on CT was 43% and was associated with cardiovascular events during follow-up. The incidence of cardiovascular events after 2-years follow-up: 36% vs. 0% in patients with no significant CAD (p<0.01).Conclusion
Despite the high calcium scores CT-angiography is feasible for the evaluation of the extent of CAD in dialysis patients. Moreover the presence of significant CAD on CT was associated with events during follow-up. 相似文献175.
Jacqueline Michel Edward H. Owens Scott Zengel Andrew Graham Zachary Nixon Teresa Allard William Holton P. Doug Reimer Alain Lamarche Mark White Nicolle Rutherford Carl Childs Gary Mauseth Greg Challenger Elliott Taylor 《PloS one》2013,8(6)
The oil from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill in the Gulf of Mexico was documented by shoreline assessment teams as stranding on 1,773 km of shoreline. Beaches comprised 50.8%, marshes 44.9%, and other shoreline types 4.3% of the oiled shoreline. Shoreline cleanup activities were authorized on 660 km, or 73.3% of oiled beaches and up to 71 km, or 8.9% of oiled marshes and associated habitats. One year after the spill began, oil remained on 847 km; two years later, oil remained on 687 km, though at much lesser degrees of oiling. For example, shorelines characterized as heavily oiled went from a maximum of 360 km, to 22.4 km one year later, and to 6.4 km two years later. Shoreline cleanup has been conducted to meet habitat-specific cleanup endpoints and will continue until all oiled shoreline segments meet endpoints. The entire shoreline cleanup program has been managed under the Shoreline Cleanup Assessment Technique (SCAT) Program, which is a systematic, objective, and inclusive process to collect data on shoreline oiling conditions and support decision making on appropriate cleanup methods and endpoints. It was a particularly valuable and effective process during such a complex spill. 相似文献
176.
177.
Jacqueline MacDonald Gibson Jens Thomsen Frederic Launay Elizabeth Harder Nicholas DeFelice 《PloS one》2013,8(3)
Background
This study estimates the potential health gains achievable in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) with improved controls on environmental pollution. The UAE is an emerging economy in which population health risks have shifted rapidly from infectious diseases to chronic conditions observed in developed nations. The UAE government commissioned this work as part of an environmental health strategic planning project intended to address this shift in the nature of the country’s disease burden.Methods and Findings
We assessed the burden of disease attributable to six environmental exposure routes outdoor air, indoor air, drinking water, coastal water, occupational environments, and climate change. For every exposure route, we integrated UAE environmental monitoring and public health data in a spatially resolved Monte Carlo simulation model to estimate the annual disease burden attributable to selected pollutants. The assessment included the entire UAE population (4.5 million for the year of analysis). The study found that outdoor air pollution was the leading contributor to mortality, with 651 attributable deaths (95% confidence interval [CI] 143–1,440), or 7.3% of all deaths. Indoor air pollution and occupational exposures were the second and third leading contributors to mortality, with 153 (95% CI 85–216) and 46 attributable deaths (95% CI 26–72), respectively. The leading contributor to health-care facility visits was drinking water pollution, to which 46,600 (95% CI 15,300–61,400) health-care facility visits were attributed (about 15% of the visits for all the diseases considered in this study). Major study limitations included (1) a lack of information needed to translate health-care facility visits to quality-adjusted-life-year estimates and (2) insufficient spatial coverage of environmental data.Conclusions
Based on international comparisons, the UAE’s environmental disease burden is low for all factors except outdoor air pollution. From a public health perspective, reducing pollutant emissions to outdoor air should be a high priority for the UAE’s environmental agencies. 相似文献178.
179.
Catrina Sims-Robinson Junguk Hur John M. Hayes Jacqueline R. Dauch Peter J. Keller Susan V. Brooks Eva L. Feldman 《PloS one》2013,8(7)
While oxidative stress is implicated in aging, the impact of oxidative stress on aging in the peripheral nervous system is not well understood. To determine a potential mechanism for age-related deficits in the peripheral nervous system, we examined both functional and morphological changes and utilized microarray technology to compare normal aging in wild-type mice to effects in copper/zinc superoxide dismutase-deficient (Sod1−/−) mice, a mouse model of increased oxidative stress. Sod1−/− mice exhibit a peripheral neuropathy phenotype with normal sensory nerve function and deficits in motor nerve function. Our data indicate that a decrease in the synthesis of cholesterol, which is vital to myelin formation, correlates with the structural deficits in axons, myelin, and the cell body of motor neurons in the Sod1+/+ mice at 30 months and the Sod1−/− mice at 20 months compared with mice at 2 months. Collectively, we have demonstrated that the functional and morphological changes within the peripheral nervous system in our model of increased oxidative stress are manifested earlier and resemble the deficits observed during normal aging. 相似文献
180.
Zhongning Zhao Jacqueline Goedhals Joaquín Verdú-Ricoy Adriaan Jordaan Neil Heideman 《Acta zoologica》2020,101(3):311-323
We compared the eye anatomy of the scotopic fossorial Acontias orientalis, Acontias rieppeli and Typhlosaurus vermis with that of the photopic surface-living Trachylepis punctatissima, with particular reference to the retina. The findings were compared with published data on gecko species (Röll, 2001), to determine whether similar trends existed. The vestigial eye of T. vermis was not comparable with that of the other three skink species. The findings in A. orientalis, A. rieppeli and T. punctatissima were as follows: (a) A. rieppeli lacked a conus papillaris, (b) A. orientalis, A. rieppeli and T. punctatissima were pure-cone species but lacked a fovea, (c) estimated cone density in A. orientalis and A. rieppeli was lower than that in T. punctatissima, (d) the ellipsoid cone segment was smaller and the paraboloid segment larger in A. orientalis and A. rieppeli with the reverse in T. punctatissima, (e) VCL%, ONL%, OPL% and GCL% in A. orientalis and A. rieppeli were significantly greater than that of T. punctatissima, (f) INL% and IPL% in T. punctatissima was significantly greater, and (g) T. punctatissima had abundant Müller cells and fibres. Findings in the gecko species were congruent with those of the three skink species of the present study. 相似文献