全文获取类型
收费全文 | 7411篇 |
免费 | 735篇 |
国内免费 | 2篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 92篇 |
2018年 | 90篇 |
2017年 | 66篇 |
2016年 | 94篇 |
2015年 | 207篇 |
2014年 | 232篇 |
2013年 | 308篇 |
2012年 | 350篇 |
2011年 | 312篇 |
2010年 | 206篇 |
2009年 | 193篇 |
2008年 | 295篇 |
2007年 | 281篇 |
2006年 | 279篇 |
2005年 | 266篇 |
2004年 | 225篇 |
2003年 | 256篇 |
2002年 | 218篇 |
2001年 | 211篇 |
2000年 | 190篇 |
1999年 | 174篇 |
1998年 | 93篇 |
1997年 | 80篇 |
1996年 | 74篇 |
1995年 | 77篇 |
1994年 | 77篇 |
1993年 | 80篇 |
1992年 | 153篇 |
1991年 | 155篇 |
1990年 | 137篇 |
1989年 | 133篇 |
1988年 | 136篇 |
1987年 | 141篇 |
1986年 | 109篇 |
1985年 | 94篇 |
1984年 | 107篇 |
1983年 | 97篇 |
1981年 | 76篇 |
1980年 | 74篇 |
1979年 | 76篇 |
1978年 | 85篇 |
1977年 | 89篇 |
1975年 | 85篇 |
1974年 | 87篇 |
1973年 | 93篇 |
1972年 | 88篇 |
1971年 | 91篇 |
1970年 | 68篇 |
1969年 | 73篇 |
1968年 | 67篇 |
排序方式: 共有8148条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
71.
The gene for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease lies in a 750-kb CpG-rich region. 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
G G Germino D Weinstat-Saslow H Himmelbauer G A Gillespie S Somlo B Wirth N Barton K L Harris A M Frischauf S T Reeders 《Genomics》1992,13(1):144-151
PKD1, the locus most commonly affected by mutations that produce autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), has previously been localized to chromosome 16p13.3. Since no cytogenetic abnormalities have been found in association with ADPKD, flanking genetic markers have been required to define an interval--the PKD1 region--that contains the PKD1 gene. In this report we demonstrate, through the construction of a long-range restriction map that links the flanking genetic markers GGG1 (D16S84) and 26.6PROX (D16S125), that the PKD1 gene lies within an extremely CpG-rich 750-kb segment of chromosome 16p13.3. Approximately 90% of this region has been cloned in three extensive cosmid/bacteriophage contigs. The cloned DNA is a valuable resource for identifying new closer flanking genetic markers and for isolating candidate genes from the region. 相似文献
72.
S E Spence D J Gilbert B S Harris M T Davisson N G Copeland N A Jenkins 《Genomics》1992,12(2):403-404
The blind-sterile (bs) mutation in the mouse was localized on Chromosome 2 between Hao-1 and Emv-13. N2 progeny from a backcross between congenic female 129.AKR-bs Emv-13 mice and (129.AKR-bs/bs x Mus musculus molossinus) F1 male mice were typed by analysis of isozyme variants for Hao-1, visible inspection for bs, and restriction fragment length polymorphism for Emv-13 and Emv-15. Comparison between markers on mouse Chromosome 2 and corresponding markers on human chromosomes suggest that the human homolog of bs will be located on 20q11-q13. 相似文献
73.
The effects of changes in various visual and olfactory properties of a white card surface on the landing position of male Epiphyas postvittanaexhibiting pheromone-mediated flight were studied in a wind tunnel. Males landed predominantly at the most downwind position of a surface in line with the pheromone source, regardless of the strength of the source. The position on the surface that males landed was strongly influenced by visual factors. The landing position of males appeared to be influenced by visual cues along all three axes of the surface. Decreases in either the dimension horizontally perpendicular to the wind direction or the vertical dimension resulted in greater numbers of males landing farther upwind on the surface than the downwind edge. Visual changes in the axis along the wind direction also affected the position at which males landed. For example, when presented with two white card surfaces with a 4- cm gap between them, males tended to land on the downwind edge of the upwind surface (on which the source was located). When the gap was bridged with clear Mylar, the landing pattern was significantly different, with the greater proportion of males landing on the downwind surface. However, when Mylar was placed on the plexiglass floor of the tunnel (in addition to bridging the gap), the landing pattern on the surface was not significantly different from that on the two surfaces without the Mylar bridge. It is suggested that during the prelanding and landing phases of pheromone-mediated flight, male moths orient to visual features of the surface containing the pheromone source rather than to visual features of the source (conspecific female moth) itself. 相似文献
74.
Induction of high-titer neutralizing antibodies, using hybrid human immunodeficiency virus V3-Ty viruslike particles in a clinically relevant adjuvant. 总被引:8,自引:5,他引:3
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Journal of virology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
J C Griffiths E L Berrie L N Holdsworth J P Moore S J Harris J M Senior S M Kingsman A J Kingsman S E Adams 《Journal of virology》1991,65(1):450-456
The localization of neutralization determinants within the envelope glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been largely achieved by immunizing small animals in conjunction with Freund's adjuvant. However, for eventual use in humans, candidate HIV vaccine components must also be efficacious in a nontoxic formulation. We describe here the production of hybrid Ty viruslike particles carrying the major neutralizing domain of HIV and demonstrate the induction of high-titer virus-neutralizing antibodies and an HIV-specific T-cell proliferative response after immunization in conjunction with aluminum hydroxide. As aluminum hydroxide and aluminum phosphate are the only adjuvants currently licensed for use in humans, these observations have implications for the development of an effective vaccine against HIV. 相似文献
75.
It is not known how Mycobacterium leprae obtains energy for survival and growth in the host tissues; the organism does not grow in vitro. In the studies reported here, M. leprae incorporated labelled ATP, which was blocked by cyanide, unlabelled ATP or ADP, but not by adenosine or Pi. It seems that the organism takes up unhydrolysed ATP by an active transport process. The bacterium contained a membrane-bound, vanadate-sensitive E1 E2-ATPase (which creates a transmembrane potential driving transport of solutes into cells). The enzyme was not inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide, suggesting that it is not an F0F1-ATPase which catalyses ATP synthesis. Apparently, M. leprae derives energy-rich compounds from the host cell. 相似文献
76.
Rapid adjustment of guard-cell abscisic Acid levels to current leaf-water status 总被引:13,自引:1,他引:12
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Plant physiology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Detached broad bean (Vicia faba L.) leaflets were water stressed; within 15 minutes, guard-cell abscisic acid (ABA) concentration increased ninefold. This result eliminates the apparent discrepancy raised by reports of no correlation between initial water-stress effects on stomata and leaf ABA concentration. Six hours after stress relief, guard-cell ABA concentration was near the prestress value, which would seem to implicate other factors in stress aftereffects on stomata. 相似文献
77.
Summary The distribution of two seed proteins, namely conglutin and a legumin-like globulin, in developing and mature seeds ofLupinus albus L. has been examined by immunocytochemistry and the concomitant modifications of their constituent polypeptides followed by SDS-PAGE. Both proteins were found within vacuolar protein bodies in various tissues of the cotyledons, although with some differences in the distribution patterns. The legumin-like protein was found to be deposited within the large storage parenchyma cells of the cotyledons in a manner similar to that reported for other storage proteins; little or no immunolabelling was associated with the cotyledonary epidermal and vascular parenchyma cells. In contrast conglutin was present in all cell types.A precursor of the legumin-like protein accumulated transiently in the developing cotyledon, but was subsequently modified by proteolytic cleavage. The onset of such modification was concomitant with a transition in the predominant vacuolar forms within the storage parenchyma cells. No precursor molecules of conglutin have been detected in this study, thus indicating that this protein is deposited in the protein bodies in its mature form.Abbreviations LM
light microscopy
- EM
electron microscopy
- DAF
days after flowering
- SDS-PAGE
sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- GAR
goat antirabbit antiserum 相似文献
78.
Normal mouse strains differ in the site of initiation of closure of the cranial neural tube 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
The scanning electron microscopic study of day 9 embryos reported here documents differences among normal mouse strains in morphology of cranial neural tube closure. The site of initiation of contact and fusion of the cranial neural folds, previously defined as Closure 2 (Macdonald et al., '89), is located in the region of the junction between the forebrain (prosencephalon) and midbrain (mesencephalon) in three normal strains: LM/Bc, AEJ/RkBc, and ICR/Bc. However in a fourth normal strain, SWV/Bc, Closure 2 is initiated much further rostral, in the prosencephalic region. In addition, the anterior neuropore, rostral to Closure 2, closes late in ICR/Bc embryos, relative to the posterior progress of development of the Closure 2 seam. Initiation of closure from the most rostral end of the neural tube (Closure 3) appears to be relatively delayed in ICR/Bc embryos. We hypothesize that the observed genetic polymorphism in location of the first site of fusion between the cranial neural folds in normal mouse embryos may be one basis for differences among normal strains in liability to exencephaly induced by teratogens. 相似文献
79.
An analysis of 1983 data from California birth certificates, and from the California Birth Defects Monitoring Program case registry, showed that there is a bias in reporting of congenital malformations on the birth certificate. Hospitals with many births erroneously report lower malformation rates than do hospitals with few births. The bias is partly due to the source of information; larger hospitals are more likely to get their information about malformations from the obstetrician than from the pediatrician. Since malformation data recorded on the birth certificate is both incomplete and biased, at present it is advisable to use these data for epidemiologic analyses with great caution. 相似文献
80.
Studies of the effect of retinoic acid on anterior neural tube closure in mice genetically liable to exencephaly 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Previously we have shown that all SELH/Bc mouse embryos close their anterior neural tubes by an abnormal mechanism and that 10-20% of SELH/Bc embryos are exencephalic. The purposes of these studies were (1) to observe the effects of retinoic acid on the frequency of exencephaly in SELH/Bc embryos; (2) to compare the SELH/Bc response with those of normal strains and of other neural tube mutants; and (3) to compare, between SELH/Bc and a normal strain (SWV/Bc), the effects of retinoic acid on morphology of the closing anterior neural tube. SELH/Bc was more liable to retinoic acid-induced exencephaly than were normal strains. After maternal treatment with 5 mg/kg retinoic acid on day 8.5 of gestation, 53% of SELH/Bc embryos had exencephaly, compared with 22% in ICR/Bc and 14% in SWV/Bc. When these results were transformed according to the assumptions of the developmental threshold model, the effects of genotype and retinoic acid appeared to be additive. Similar treatment on day 9 or 10 of gestation had little or no effect on the frequency of exencephaly in SELH/Bc mice. These results are similar to the reported responses of the curly-tail and Splotch mutants, where frequencies of spina bifida but not exencephaly were decreased. This pattern suggests that studies of effects of periconceptional vitamin treatment on risk of human neural tube defects should consider anencephaly and spina bifida separately. The study comparing the morphology of anterior neural tube closure in SELH/Bc and normal SWV/Bc embryos showed that retinoic acid delays the elevation of the mesencephalic neural folds. This results in a "stalling" of many embryos in the first steps of neural tube closure, with their neural folds remaining convex and splayed wide apart. The delay in fold elevation was superimposed on the different closure patterns of the two strains. The overall conclusion is that there is no nonadditive interaction in the parameters studied between retinoic acid treatment and the SELH/Bc genotype. 相似文献