全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3461篇 |
免费 | 319篇 |
国内免费 | 4篇 |
专业分类
3784篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 18篇 |
2022年 | 32篇 |
2021年 | 52篇 |
2020年 | 51篇 |
2019年 | 37篇 |
2018年 | 58篇 |
2017年 | 55篇 |
2016年 | 85篇 |
2015年 | 140篇 |
2014年 | 148篇 |
2013年 | 180篇 |
2012年 | 239篇 |
2011年 | 250篇 |
2010年 | 153篇 |
2009年 | 160篇 |
2008年 | 223篇 |
2007年 | 225篇 |
2006年 | 193篇 |
2005年 | 204篇 |
2004年 | 189篇 |
2003年 | 177篇 |
2002年 | 179篇 |
2001年 | 24篇 |
2000年 | 39篇 |
1999年 | 39篇 |
1998年 | 40篇 |
1997年 | 39篇 |
1996年 | 40篇 |
1995年 | 25篇 |
1994年 | 31篇 |
1993年 | 26篇 |
1992年 | 16篇 |
1991年 | 22篇 |
1990年 | 28篇 |
1989年 | 18篇 |
1987年 | 19篇 |
1985年 | 15篇 |
1984年 | 11篇 |
1983年 | 13篇 |
1982年 | 24篇 |
1981年 | 23篇 |
1980年 | 24篇 |
1979年 | 19篇 |
1978年 | 12篇 |
1977年 | 12篇 |
1975年 | 16篇 |
1972年 | 10篇 |
1968年 | 12篇 |
1967年 | 12篇 |
1964年 | 12篇 |
排序方式: 共有3784条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
171.
Büssow K Quedenau C Sievert V Tischer J Scheich C Seitz H Hieke B Niesen FH Götz F Harttig U Lehrach H 《Genome biology》2004,5(9):R71-8
We describe here a systematic approach to the identification of human proteins and protein fragments that can be expressed as soluble proteins in Escherichia coli. A cDNA expression library of 10,825 clones was screened by small-scale expression and purification and 2,746 clones were identified. Sequence and protein-expression data were entered into a public database. A set of 163 clones was selected for structural analysis and 17 proteins were prepared for crystallization, leading to three new structures. 相似文献
172.
Atmanspacher H 《Bio Systems》2003,68(1):19-30
Many philosophical and scientific discussions of topics of mind-matter research make implicit assumptions, in various guises, about the distinction between mind and matter. Currently predominant positions are based on either reduction or emergence, providing either monistic or dualistic scenarios. A more-involved framework of thinking, which can be traced back to Spinoza and Leibniz, combines the two scenarios, dualistic (with mind and matter separated) and monistic (with mind and matter unseparated), in one single picture. Based on such a picture, the transition from a domain with mind and matter unseparated to separate mental and material domains can be viewed as a result of a general kind of symmetry breaking, which can be described formally in terms of inequivalent representations. The possibility of whether this symmetry breaking might be connected to the emergence of temporal directions from temporally non-directed or even non-temporal levels of reality will be discussed. Correlations between mental and material aspects of reality could then be imagined as remnants of such primordial levels. Different conceivable types of inequivalent representations would lead to correlations with different characteristics. 相似文献
173.
174.
The pseudorabies virus UL11 protein is a virion component involved in secondary envelopment in the cytoplasm
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Journal of virology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Kopp M Granzow H Fuchs W Klupp BG Mundt E Karger A Mettenleiter TC 《Journal of virology》2003,77(9):5339-5351
Homologs of the small tegument protein encoded by the UL11 gene of herpes simplex virus type 1 are conserved throughout all herpesvirus subfamilies. However, their function during viral replication has not yet been conclusively shown. Using a monospecific antiserum and an appropriate viral deletion and rescue mutant, we identified and functionally characterized the UL11 protein of the alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PrV). PrV UL11 encodes a protein with an apparent molecular mass of 10 to 13 kDa that is primarily detected at cytoplasmic membranes during viral replication. In the absence of the UL11 protein, viral titers were decreased approximately 10-fold and plaque sizes were reduced by 60% compared to wild-type virus. Intranuclear capsid maturation and nuclear egress resulting in translocation of DNA-containing capsids into the cytoplasm were not detectably affected. However, in the absence of the UL11 protein, intracytoplasmic membranes were distorted. Moreover, in PrV-DeltaUL11-infected cells, capsids accumulated in the cytoplasm and were often found associated with tegument in aggregated structures such as had previously been demonstrated in cells infected with a PrV triple-mutant virus lacking glycoproteins E, I, and M (A. R. Brack, J. M. Dijkstra, H. Granzow, B. G. Klupp, and T. C. Mettenleiter, J. Virol. 73:5364-5372, 1999). Thus, the PrV UL11 protein, like glycoproteins E, I, and M, appears to be involved in secondary envelopment. 相似文献
175.
A synthetic E7 gene of human papillomavirus type 16 that yields enhanced expression of the protein in mammalian cells and is useful for DNA immunization studies 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Journal of virology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
A synthetic E7 gene of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 was generated that consists entirely of preferred human codons. Expression analysis of the synthetic E7 gene in human and animal cells showed levels of E7 protein 20- to 100-fold higher than those obtained with wild-type E7. Enhanced expression of E7 protein resulted from highly efficient translation, as well as increased stability of the E7 mRNA due to its codon optimization. Higher levels of E7 protein in cells transfected with synthetic E7 correlated with significant loss of cell viability in various human cell lines. In contrast, lower E7 protein expression driven by the wild-type gene resulted in a slight induction of cell proliferation. Furthermore, mice inoculated with plasmids expressing the synthetic E7 gene produced significantly higher levels of E7 antibodies than littermates injected with wild-type E7, suggesting that synthetic E7 may be useful for DNA immunization studies and the development of genetic vaccines against HPV-16. In view of these results, we hypothesize that HPVs may have retained a pattern of G + C content and codon usage distinct from that of their host cells in response to selective pressure. Thus, the nonhuman codon bias may have been conserved by HPVs to prevent compromising viability of the host cells by excessive viral early protein expression, as well as to evade the immune system. 相似文献
176.
Comprehensive analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific gamma interferon-secreting CD8+ T cells in primary HIV-1 infection 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Journal of virology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific CD8(+) T cells provide an important defense in controlling HIV-1 replication, particularly following acquisition of infection. To delineate the breadth and potency of these responses in patients upon initial presentation and before treatment, we determined the fine specificities and frequencies of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-secreting CD8(+) T cells recognizing all HIV-1 proteins in patients with primary infection. In these subjects, the earliest detected responses were directed predominantly against Nef, Tat, Vpr, and Env. Tat- and Vpr-specific CD8(+) T cells accounted for the greatest frequencies of mean IFN-gamma spot-forming cells (SFC). Nef-specific responses (10 of 21) were more commonly detected. A mean of 2.3 epitopes were recognized with various avidities per subject, and the number increased with the duration of infection (R = 0.47, P = 0.031). The mean frequency of CD8(+) T cells (985 SFC/10(6) peripheral blood mononuclear cells) correlated with the number of epitopes recognized (R = 0.84, P < 0.0001) and the number of HLA-restricting alleles (R = 0.79, P < 0.0001). Neither the total SFC frequencies nor the number of epitopes recognized correlated with the concurrent plasma viral load. Seventeen novel epitopes were identified, four of which were restricted to HLA alleles (A23 and B72) that are common among African descendents. Thus, primary HIV-1 infection induces strong CD8(+)-T-cell immunity whose specificities broaden over time, but their frequencies and breadth do not correlate with HIV-1 containment when examined concurrently. Many novel epitopes, particularly directed to Nef, Tat, and Env, and frequently with unique HLA restrictions, merit further consideration in vaccine design. 相似文献
177.
Brötz-Oesterhelt H Knezevic I Bartel S Lampe T Warnecke-Eberz U Ziegelbauer K Häbich D Labischinski H 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2003,278(41):39435-39442
Pyridochromanones were identified by high throughput screening as potent inhibitors of NAD+-dependent DNA ligase from Escherichia coli. Further characterization revealed that eubacterial DNA ligases from Gram-negative and Gram-positive sources were inhibited at nanomolar concentrations. In contrast, purified human DNA ligase I was not affected (IC50 > 75 microm), demonstrating remarkable specificity for the prokaryotic target. The binding mode is competitive with the eubacteria-specific cofactor NAD+, and no intercalation into DNA was detected. Accordingly, the compounds were bactericidal for the prominent human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus in the low microg/ml range, whereas eukaryotic cells were not affected up to 60 microg/ml. The hypothesis that inhibition of DNA ligase is the antibacterial principle was proven in studies with a temperature-sensitive ligase-deficient E. coli strain. This mutant was highly susceptible for pyridochromanones at elevated temperatures but was rescued by heterologous expression of human DNA ligase I. A physiological consequence of ligase inhibition in bacteria was massive DNA degradation, as visualized by fluorescence microscopy of labeled DNA. In summary, the pyridochromanones demonstrate that diverse eubacterial DNA ligases can be addressed by a single inhibitor without affecting eukaryotic ligases or other DNA-binding enzymes, which proves the value of DNA ligase as a novel target in antibacterial therapy. 相似文献
178.
Shirotani K Edbauer D Capell A Schmitz J Steiner H Haass C 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2003,278(19):16474-16477
Gamma-secretase is a high molecular weight multicomponent protein complex with an unusual intramembrane-cleaving aspartyl protease activity. Gamma-secretase is intimately associated with Alzheimer disease because it catalyzes the proteolytic cleavage, which leads to the liberation of amyloid beta-peptide. At least presenilin (PS), Nicastrin (Nct), APH-1, and PEN-2 are constituents of the gamma-secretase complex, with PS apparently providing the active site of gamma-secretase. Expression of gamma-secretase complex components is tightly regulated, however little is known about the assembly of the complex. Here we demonstrate that Nct undergoes a major conformational change during the assembly of the gamma-secretase complex. The conformational change is directly associated with gamma-secretase function and involves the entire Nct ectodomain. Loss of function mutations generated by deletions failed to undergo the conformational change. Furthermore, the conformational alteration did not occur in the absence of PS. Our data thus suggest that gamma-secretase function critically depends on the structural "activation" of Nct. 相似文献
179.
Maier HJ Marienfeld R Wirth T Baumann B 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2003,278(40):39242-39250
In mature B cells RelB-containing complexes are constitutively present in the nucleus, and they are less susceptible to inhibitory kappaB proteins. In most other cell types inhibitory kappaB proteins prevent nuclear translocation and activation of NFkappaB. We reasoned that this characteristic might be because of post-translational modifications of RelB. In Drosophila, signal-dependent phosphorylation of the Rel homologue Dorsal at serine 317 has been shown to be critical for nuclear import. The evolutionary conservation of this serine prompted us to analyze the function of the corresponding site in RelB. As a model system we used the murine S107 plasmacytoma cell line, which lacks endogenous RelB expression. Analysis of S107 cells expressing wild type RelB and serine 368 mutants reveals that serine 368 is not required for nuclear import but that it is critical for RelB dimerization with other members of the NFkappaB family. Similar effects were obtained when the conserved serine in RelA was mutated. We further demonstrate that expression of functional RelB, but not of serine 368 mutants, severely reduces p52 generation and strongly increases expression of the p52 precursor, p100. Wild type RelB, but not mutant RelB, prolonged p100 half-life. We therefore suggest an inhibitory effect of RelB on p100 processing, which is possibly regulated in a signal-dependent manner. 相似文献
180.
Capell A Kaether C Edbauer D Shirotani K Merkl S Steiner H Haass C 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2003,278(52):52519-52523
Two secretases are involved in the generation of amyloid beta-peptide, the principal component of amyloid plaques in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients. While beta-secretase is a classical aspartyl protease, gamma-secretase activity is associated with a high molecular weight complex. One of the complex components, which is critically required for gamma-secretase activity is nicastrin (NCT). Here we investigate the assembly of NCT into the gamma-secretase complex. NCT mutants either lacking the entire cytoplasmic tail, the cytoplasmic tail, and the transmembrane domain (TMD), or containing a set of heterologous TMDs were expressed in cells with strongly reduced levels of endogenous NCT. Maturation of exogenous NCT, gamma-secretase complex formation and proteolytic function was then investigated. This revealed that the cytoplasmic tail of NCT is dispensable for gamma-secretase complex assembly and function. In contrast, the authentic TMD of NCT is critically required for the interaction with gamma-secretase complex components and for formation of an active gamma-secretase complex. Neither soluble NCT lacking any membrane anchor nor NCT containing a heterologous TMD were inserted into the gamma-secretase complex. We identified the N-terminal region of the NCT TMD as a functionally important entity of NCT. These data thus demonstrate that NCT interacts with other gamma-secretase complex components via its TMD. 相似文献