Identification of a Novel Mutation in the COL2A1 Gene in a Chinese Family with Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Congenita

Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita (SEDC) is an autosomal dominant chondrodysplasia characterized by disproportionate short-trunk dwarfism, skeletal and vertebral deformities. Exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were performed in a Chinese Han family with typical SEDC, and a novel mutation, c.620G>A (p.Gly207Glu), in the collagen type II alpha-1 gene (COL2A1) was identified. The mutation may impair protein stability, and lead to dysfunction of type II collagen. Family-based study suggested that the mutation is a de novo mutation. Our study extends the mutation spectrum of SEDC and confirms genotype-phenotype relationship between mutations at glycine in the triple helix of the alpha-1(II) chains of the COL2A1 and clinical findings of SEDC, which may be helpful in the genetic counseling of patients with SEDC.     

Saliva proteome profiling reveals potential salivary biomarkers for detection of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma

Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which is frequently associated with poor prognosis and mortality, is a leading cause of cancer‐related death worldwide. Discovery of body fluid accessible biomarkers is needed to improve OSCC screening. To this end, we profiled proteomes of saliva from the healthy volunteers, the individuals with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD), and the OSCC patients by means of SDS‐PAGE coupled with LC‐MS/MS. In the control, the OPMD, and the OSCC groups, 958, 845, and 1030 salivary proteins were detected, respectively. With spectral counting‐based label‐free quantification, 22 overexpressed salivary proteins were identified in the OSCC group compared with the healthy controls and the OPMD individuals. Among them, resistin (RETN) was subjected to further validation with an independent cohort using ELISA. The data confirmed that the salivary RETN levels in the OSCC patients were significantly higher than that in the healthy or in the OPMD group. Moreover, the elevated levels of salivary RETN were highly correlated with late‐stage primary tumors, advanced overall stage, and lymph‐node metastasis. Our results not only reveal that profiling of saliva proteome is feasible for discovery of OSCC biomarkers, but also identify RETN as a potential salivary biomarker for OSCC detection.     

利用寡核苷酸芯片分析Smad3基因敲除小鼠关节软骨细胞基因表达谱的改变

此前发现 Smad3 基因敲除小鼠(Smad3ex8/ex8)的关节软骨细胞异常肥大分化,出现类似于人类骨关节炎的表型。为了进一步明确转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)/Smad3 信号通过调节哪些靶基因的表达来抑制关节软骨细胞的肥大分化,以及研究骨关节炎发病的分子机制,利用寡核苷酸芯片技术分析了 5 日龄 Smad3 基因敲除小鼠与野生型对照小鼠关节软骨细胞基因表达谱的改变。通过对差异表达基因的分析,发现在 Smad3 基因敲除小鼠软骨细胞中骨形态发生蛋白(BMP)与 TGF-β/细胞分裂周期基因 42(Cdc42)信号通路活性增强。此外,还发现其他信号通路,如生长激素(growth hormone)/胰岛素样生长因子 1(Igf1)以及成纤维细胞生长因子(Fgf)信号通路相关基因表达的改变。值得注意的是,还发现了 Smad3 基因敲除小鼠软骨细胞中蛋白合成与电子传递链相关基因的表达水平普遍上调,这意味着蛋白质合成速率的加快与细胞有氧呼吸的增强可能与关节软骨细胞的肥大分化和骨关节炎的发生相关。     

东北三省野生北细辛资源调查报告

通过对东北三省野生北细辛资源的地理分布、生态环境、群落类型、单位面积蕴藏量等进行调查研究,为野生北细辛资源保护与可持续利用措施的制定提供依据。     

Bioelectrochemical fuel cells

In the past 20 years, inorganic fuel cells have been transformed from novelty devices to practical energy transfer-energy storage units. However, the advantage of the high operating efficiency afforded by these fuel cells is partially offset by (a) the limited viability and high cost of the catalysts, (b) the highly corrosive electrolytes, and (c) the elevated operating temperatures. The possibility exists to reduce some of these problems through the development of bioelectrochemical fuel cells. Such biological/electrochemical systems incorporate either microorganisms or enzymes as an active component within the specified electrode compartments. Recent studies with microorganisms as part of the anode compartment have been aimed at defining the mechanism of the observed electrochemical reactions. Recent investigations on the use of cell-free enzyme preparations in the electrode compartments have dealt primarily with developing methodology and defining mechanisms for enhancing the rate of electron transfer from the enzyme-cofactor active site to the solid electrode surface. Applications of this developing technology have been envisioned for analytical chemistry, medical devices, energy transfer, electrochemical synthesis, and detoxification. In this review, the theory and problems of bioelectrochemical fuel cells are described and related to research, both recent and proposed, for the practical development of this area.     

Hic‐5 deficiency protects cerulein‐induced chronic pancreatitis via down‐regulation of the NF‐κB (p65)/IL‐6 signalling pathway

Chronic pancreatitis (CP), characterized by pancreatic fibrosis, is a recurrent, progressive and irreversible disease. Activation of the pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) is considered a core event in pancreatic fibrosis. In this study, we investigated the role of hydrogen peroxide‐inducible clone‐5 (Hic‐5) in CP. Analysis of the human pancreatic tissue samples revealed that Hic‐5 was overexpressed in patients with CP and was extremely low in healthy pancreas. Hic‐5 was significant up‐regulated in the activated primary PSCs independently from transforming growth factor beta stimulation. CP induced by cerulein injection was ameliorated in Hic‐5 knockout (KO) mice, as shown by staining of tissue level. Simultaneously, the activation ability of the primary PSCs from Hic‐5 KO mice was significantly attenuated. We also found that the Hic‐5 up‐regulation by cerulein activated the NF‐κB (p65)/IL‐6 signalling pathway and regulated the downstream extracellular matrix (ECM) genes such as α‐SMA and Col1a1. Therefore, we determined whether suppressing NF‐κB/p65 alleviated CP by treating mice with the NF‐κB/p65 inhibitor triptolide in the cerulein‐induced CP model and found that pancreatic fibrosis was alleviated by NF‐κB/p65 inhibition. These findings provide evidence for Hic‐5 as a therapeutic target that plays a crucial role in regulating PSCs activation and pancreatic fibrosis.     

Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (PQQ) Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide Induced Inflammation in Part via Downregulated NF-κB and p38/JNK Activation in Microglial and Attenuates Microglia Activation in Lipopolysaccharide Treatment Mice

Therapeutic strategies designed to inhibit the activation of microglia may lead to significant advancement in the treatment of most neurodegenerative diseases. Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a naturally occurring redox cofactor that acts as an essential nutrient, antioxidant, and has been reported to exert potent immunosuppressive effects. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory effects of PQQ was investigated in LPS treated primary microglia cells. Our observations showed that pretreatment with PQQ significantly inhibited the production of NO and PGE2 and suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as iNOS, COX-2, TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6, MCP-1 and MIP-1a in LPS treated primary microglia cells. The nuclear translocation of NF-κB and the phosphorylation level of p65, p38 and JNK MAP kinase pathways were also inhibited by PQQ in LPS stimulated primary microglia cells. Further a systemic LPS treatment acute inflammation murine brain model was used to study the suppressive effects of PQQ against neuroinflammation in vivo. Mice treated with PQQ demonstrated marked attenuation of neuroinflammation based on Western blotting and immunohistochemistry analysis of Iba1-against antibody in the brain tissue. Indicated that PQQ protected primary cortical neurons against microglia-mediated neurotoxicity. These results collectively suggested that PQQ might be a promising therapeutic agent for alleviating the progress of neurodegenerative diseases associated with microglia activation.     

BLAST++: BLASTing queries in batches

BLAST++ is a tool that is integrated with NCBI BLAST, allowing multiple, say K, queries to be searched against a database concurrently. The results obtained by BLAST++ are identical to that obtained by executing BLAST on each of the K queries, but BLAST++ completes the processing in a much shorter time. AVAILABILITY: http://xena1.ddns.comp.nus.edu.sg/~genesis/blast++ Supplementary information: http://xena1.ddns.comp.nus.edu.sg/~genesis/blast++     

Molecular recognition of a branched peptide with HIV-1 Rev Response Element (RRE) RNA

Interaction of HIV-1 rev response element (RRE) RNA with its cognate protein, Rev, is critical for HIV-1 replication. Understanding the mode of interaction between RRE RNA and ligands at the binding site can facilitate RNA molecular recognition as well as provide a strategy for developing anti-HIV therapeutics. Our approach utilizes branched peptides as a scaffold for multivalent binding to RRE IIB (high affinity rev binding site) with incorporation of unnatural amino acids to increase affinity via non-canonical interactions with the RNA. Previous high throughput screening of a 46,656-member library revealed several hits that bound RRE IIB RNA in the sub-micromolar range. In particular, the lead compound, 4B3, displayed a K_d value of 410?nM and demonstrated selectivity towards RRE. A ribonuclease protection assay revealed that 4B3 binds to the stem-loop structure of RRE IIB RNA, which was confirmed by SHAPE analysis with 234 nt long NL4-3 RRE RNA. Our studies further indicated interaction of 4B3 with both primary and secondary Rev binding sites.     

中国明对虾过氧化物还原酶基因在大肠杆菌中的重组表达、产物纯化及活性测定

过氧化物还原酶（Prx）是生物体内广泛存在的一类酶,在消除过氧化氢和抗氧化胁迫中起着重要的作用。本研究采用PCR扩增编码中国明对虾Prx成熟肽的基因,并克隆到大肠杆菌表达载体pCR®T7/NT TOPO® TA中进行体外重组表达。重组质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21 (DE3) pLysS后,经IPTG诱导表达产生包涵体形式的目的蛋白。对重组蛋白进行LC–ESI–MS分析,结果表明融合蛋白的四个肽段与中国明对虾Prx相应肽段完全一致。将重组蛋白通过金属螯合柱进行纯化,进而透析、复性,最后获得了具有较高过氧化物酶活性的重组Prx。中国明对虾Prx的成功表达,为深入研究其在中国明对虾免疫反应和抗氧化胁迫中的作用奠定了基础。